Understanding a Woman\u27s Moral Obligation to her Fetus: Maternal-Fetal Conflict as a Covenant Relationship

Maternal-fetal conflict refers to a perceived incompatibility between the interests of a pregnant woman and her fetus. Maternal-fetal conflict occurs when a pregnant woman declines a medical treatment or procedure that her physician believes is necessary to benefit her fetus. In some situations, the pregnant woman\u27s health is also at risk. The question explored in this dissertation is: what is the pregnant woman\u27s moral obligation to her fetus when a cesarean section is recommended to save the life of or to prevent serious harm to her term viable fetus? The pregnant woman\u27s life is not endangered. Inconsistencies exist between normative theories and approaches to resolving maternal-fetal conflict. Legally, the pregnant woman\u27s liberty rights allow her to accept or refuse treatment for her and/or her fetus. But states have an interest in protecting the potential life of the fetus even though it is not a person with rights under the United States Constitution. Philosophically, inconsistencies exist between the principles of justice and respecting the pregnant woman\u27s autonomy and the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence, along with the pregnant woman\u27s duties to her fetus as her future child. Professionally, medical organizations support respecting the pregnant woman\u27s autonomy and treating the pregnant woman and her fetus as one patient. However, some physicians favor beneficence toward the fetus and view the pregnant woman and fetus as two separate patients. Obstetricians are increasingly performing cesarean section as an elective alternative to vaginal delivery. From the religious perspective, Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam differ in their moral teachings on the status of the fetus as a person. The pregnant woman can adopt a hermeneutical stance that gives depth of meaning to her autonomous decision based on normative theories and approaches. The pregnant woman can interpret her developing relationship with her fetus throughout her pregnancy as a covenant relationship of gift, love, faithfulness, and fidelity. The covenant relationship is expressed in the Judeo-Christian biblical covenant relationships between God and humans. The covenant relationship can also be understood on a secular level

Factors of Iron Deficiency on Pregnant Woman in Gandus Public Health Center Working Area in Palembang

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the common and wide problem happens in nutritional disorders field around the world. Pregnant woman is a susceptible group for iron deficiency anemia. Result of Basic Health Research year 2013 , anemia in pregnant woman are 37,1% and 40,1%. The threshold limit of pregnancy anemia is under 11 gr/dl. The City Health Office of Palembang stated that every year, anemia cases in pregnant woman increased, 2,99% (2012), 3,00% (2013), and increased significantly on 2014, 8,69%. Method: This research using cross sectional study. The population is all pregnant woman in Gandus Public Health Center. This research used 81 people as samples. The instruments used are questioners. Data analysis are univariat and bivariat using chi-square statistic test. Results: Based on the result of bivariat test, known that there are four independent variables relate to iron deficiency happens to pregnant woman which are, knowledge (p-value=0,023), age of pregnancy (p-value=0,044), Fe tablets consumption (p-value=0,049), and iron intake (p-value=0,048). Meanwhile, there are no relation between antenatal care visit (p-value=0,980), and health workers' role (p-value=0,560) not related iron deficiency to pregnant woman. Conclusion: This research suggested that health workers expected to do educational events to pregnant woman during the Antenatal Care visit to decrease the rate of iron deficiency

Why Doesn’t a Pregnant Woman Reject her Fetus

Overview: Recurrent Pregnancy loss (RPL) occurs when a woman has three or more consecutive miscarriages; this phenomenon happens in about 1-3% of women. Why some women reject their unborn fetus and others carry theirs to term is still unclear. There are four main theories that exist regarding why some women reject their fetus and others do not: the maternal immune system might not be capable of responding to fetal antigens due to mechanisms that induce tolerance in responding maternal cells; a “barrier” may from between mother and fetus, preventing access of maternal immune cell to fetal antigens; fetal cells may suppress the expression of their antigens; and the fetus may generate site-specific immune suppression. We will look closely at two studies that ask the questions: does the non-specific immune response increase to compensate for the decrease in specific immunity? Is there a maternal cell-mediated immune response to the fetus which needs to be blocked, and do blocking antibodies develop in all successful pregnancies? Different aspects of each theory have proven that a maternal cell-mediated response is not acquired at any stage in pregnancy to the fetus but monocyte surface expression is increased. This proves that there is an increase in the innate immune response. Future studies will look more strictly at the differences between these main theories. Background Pregnancy has become a lot safer than in the past due to technology in medicine and a higher level of education for our health care professionals. Still little is known as to why pregnancies for some women are successful and for other women they are not. 50-60% of pregnancies have a common complication called spontaneous miscarriage, defined as the spontaneous end of a pregnancy that occurs prior to 20 weeks gestation where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving; a less common form of miscarriage is recurrent pregnancy loss, or RPL, which occurs in 1-3% of women and is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages prior to 20 weeks gestation (Saini V., et al. 2011). There are four different theories experts have studied to understand why this occurs. First, due to mechanisms that induce anergy, reduction or lack of an immune response to a specific antigen, the maternal immune system might not be capable of responding to fetal antigens (Koch and Platt 2007). Second, an anatomical barrier may form that prevents access of maternal immune cell to fetal antigens between mother and fetus (Koch and Platt 2007). Third, fetal cells may suppress the manifestation of alloantigens; an alloantigen is any antigen, present in only some individuals of a species, which stimulates the production of antibodies in those that lack it (Koch and Platt 2007). Finally, the fetus may create site-specific immune suppression in which maternal immune cells would then be blocked, defending the fetus while permitting the cells to produce an immune response (Koch and Platt 2007)

Perbedaan Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil Di Desa Pakuure (Pegunungan) Dan Di Desa Sapa (Pesisir Pantai) Kecamatan Tenga Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan

: Hemoglobin is protein in red blood cells that iron containing to be as a transport of oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues. Differences of gemoglobin levels in pregnant woman depending on the amount of iron in the body. The purpose of this research was to determine the differences of hemoglobin levels in pregnant woman in Pakuure village (mountain) and in the Sapa village (coastal) at the district Tenga of South Minahasa regency. Samples was found 30 pregnant woman in the mountains and 30 pregnant woman in the coastal. Methods of this research used design analytic observational with cross sectional design, selection of sample with total sampling. This research uses statistical analysis of independent test sample t-test with á = 0,05. The result of this research get p value 0,000 where p < á = 0,05, then Ho is rejected and can conclude that there are differences hemoglobin levels of pregnant woman in the Pakuure village (mountains) and in the Sapa village (coastal) at the district Tenga of South Minahasa regency. The conclusion of this research is average level of of hemoglobin levels in pregnant woman in mountan and coastal are different. Recommendation of this research, presumably the pregnant woman have less hemoglobin level able to attention the consumption nutrition and always taking iron tablets to the body needs

HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN

Health care providers’ (N = 421) implicit perceptions of pregnant women based on age, race or ethnicity, marital status, and socioeconomic status are assessed through a true-experiment design. Ordinal and binary regression analyses revealed that respondents felt more pity for an unmarried than married pregnant woman and more anger toward an unemployed pregnant woman without health insurance compared to a pregnant woman who was employed with health insurance. Male, Asian, and Hispanic respondents were less likely to help the pregnant woman, Black and protestant respondents were more likely to express some degree of anger toward the pregnant woman, and male and protestant respondents assigned more responsibility to the woman for her pregnancy. Additionally, respondents’ open-ended suggestions varied based on the pregnant woman’s characteristics. Implications and future directions are discussed

Management of a pregnant woman with fibromuscular dysplasia

No abstract available

The Safety Appliance Act and the FELA: A Plea for Clarification

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and examine the debate on prenatal testing in Western countries, with a special focus on my own country, Sweden. In the near future it might be possible for a pregnant woman to profile the DNA of her foetus with a simple blood test early in pregnancy. This method of prenatal testing – Non Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD) – could potentially detect the genetic causes of almost every disease. I will argue that prenatal testing should be offered by society to all pregnant women, not only to those at highest risk of giving birth to children with severe conditions. I will do that from a perspective of reproductive freedom. Furthermore, I will argue that offering prenatal testing for some conditions (such as Downs’s syndrome) and not for others, is conflicting with the autonomous choice of the pregnant woman

The Effectiveness of Pregnant Women Class to Increase Knowledge and Hemoglobin Level

Background: Intrauterine Fetal Death (IUFD) is a birth process of a conception result in a state of death. It is also a contributor to death for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Pregnant Woman Class is a government effort to reduce IMR. However, the implementation has not been maximized. This stu­dy aimed to determine the effectiveness of pregnant woman class in increasing the level of know­ledge and hemoglobin (Hb) levels of the pregnant woman.Subjects and Method: This was a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). The population of the stu­dy consisted of 170 pregnant women was selected randomly from 3 Community Health Centers with the highest infant mortality rates. The dependent variables were knowledge and Hb levels. The independent variable was pregnant woman class. The level of knowledge was measured by ques­tionnaire with Cronbach's alpha by 0.64. Hb level was measured with Easy Touch GCHB. The Mean differences in knowledge and Hb between pregnant wo­men class and control groups, before and after participating in pregnant woman class, were tested by independent t-tests.Results: Before the intervention, the level of knowledge of the pregnant women class group (Mean= 31.07; SD=8.21) was comparable with the control group (Mean=29.30; SD=8.22), with p=0.162. It indicated the randomization success. After the intervention, the level of knowledge of preg­nant woman class group (Mean=35.07; SD=2.24) was higher than the control group (Mean= 29.10; SD= 4.77), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). It indicated that the pregnant woman class was effective in increasing the knowledge of pregnant women. Before the inter­vention, the Hb level of pregnant woman class group (Mean=11.92, SD=2.18) was comparable with the con­trol group (Mean= 11.44; SD= 2.05), with p=0.162. It indicated the randomization success. After the inter­vention, the Hb level of the pregnant woman class group (Mean = 12.82; SD = 0.92) was higher than the control group (Mean=11.56; SD=1.05), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). It showed that pregnant woman class was effective in increasing the Hb level of preg­nant women.Conclusion: Pregnant woman class was effective in increasing the knowledge and the Hb level of preg­nant women.Keywords: pregnant woman class, knowledge, hemoglobin, IUFDCorrespondence: Putri Halimu Husna. Nursing Academy of Giri Satria Husada Wonogiri. Jl. Tentara Pelajar 01 Giriwono, Wonogiri 57613, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +622­73322610, +6281391277044.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 50-57https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.0

The Psychiatrist -- Friend or Foe of the Pregnant Woman?

Dr. Baar considers the psychological principle that unselfish love and affirmation beget the same in relation to counseling the patient distressed about her pregnancy