Producing green computing images to optimize power consumption in OLED-based displays

Energy consumption in Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) depends on the displayed contents. The power consumed by an OLED-based display is directly proportional to the luminance of the image pixels. In this paper, a novel idea is proposed to generate energy-efficient images, which consume less power when shown on an OLED-based display. The Blue color component of an image pixel is the most power-hungry i.e. it consumes more power as compared to the Red and Green color components. The main idea is to reduce the intensity of the blue color to the best possible level so that the overall power consumption is reduced while maintaining the perceptual quality of an image. The idea is inspired by the famous “Land Effect”, which demonstrates that it is possible to generate a full-color image by using only two color components instead of three. experiments are performed on the Kodak image database. The results show that the proposed method is able to reduce the power consumption by 18% on average and the modified images do not lose the perceptual quality. Social media platform, where users scroll over many images, is an ideal application for the proposed method since it will greatly reduce the power consumption in mobile phones during surfing social networking applications

LAPSE: Low-Overhead Adaptive Power Saving and Contrast Enhancement for OLEDs

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display panels are becoming increasingly popular especially in mobile devices; one of the key characteristics of these panels is that their power consumption strongly depends on the displayed image. In this paper we propose LAPSE, a new methodology to concurrently reduce the energy consumed by an OLED display and enhance the contrast of the displayed image, that relies on image-specific pixel-by-pixel transformations. Unlike previous approaches, LAPSE focuses specifically on reducing the overheads required to implement the transformation at runtime. To this end, we propose a transformation that can be executed in real time, either in software, with low time overhead, or in a hardware accelerator with a small area and low energy budget. Despite the significant reduction in complexity, we obtain comparable results to those achieved with more complex approaches in terms of power saving and image quality. Moreover, our method allows to easily explore the full quality-versus-power tradeoff by acting on a few basic parameters; thus, it enables the runtime selection among multiple display quality settings, according to the status of the system

유기발광 다이오드 표시장치를 장착한 이동형 시스템의 전력 공급 최적화

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2012. 8. 장래혁.오늘날 스마트폰, 태블릿 PC 와 같은 휴대용 전자기기는 고성능의 중앙처리장치 (CPU), 대용량 메모리, 대형 화면, 고속의 무선 인터페이스 등을 탑재함에따라 전 력 소모량이 급속히 증가하여 그 전력 소모는 이미 소형의 랩탑 컴퓨터 수준에 이르고 있다. 성능과 전력 소모량의 측면에서 휴대용 전자기기와 랩탑 컴퓨터 사 이의 구분이 점차 사라지고 있음에도 배터리 및 전력 변환 회로는 기존의 설계 원칙들만을 따라 설계되고 있는 실정이다. 삼성전자의 갤럭시 탭 및 Apple 사의 iPad 등 스마트폰 및 태블릿 PC의 경우 1-cell 직렬 리튬 이온 전지를 사용하는 반 면, 랩탑 컴퓨터의 경우는 제조사에 따라 3-cell 에서 5-cell 직렬 등으로 설계되고 있다. 이는 배터리 출력 전압을 다르게 함으로써 전력 변환 효율에 영향을 준다. 전력 변환 회로의 효율 및 배터리의 수명은 입출력 전압/전류를 비롯한 동작 환경의 영향을 받는다. 휴대용 전자기기에 사용되는 각종 전자부품은 전력 소모를 줄이기 위한 다양한 기능들을 구현하고 있으며, 중앙처리장치의 동적 전압/주파 수 조절 기법 등 공급전압의 변화를 수반하는 기법 역시 다양하게 적용되고 있다. 이는 각 장치의 공급 전압 및 전류의 변화로 인한 전력 변환 회로의 효율의 변화 를 초래한다. 따라서 중앙처리장치, 디스플레이 등 주요 전력 소비 장치의 전력 절감 기법을 개발할 때에는 개별 장치의 전력 소비를 줄이는 것과 동시에 개별 장 치의 동작 행태에 대한 정확한 분석에 기반하여 배터리, 전력 변환회로의 설계가 함께이루어져야 한다. 선행 연구를 통해 배터리의 특성을 고려한 배터리 구성의 최적화 기법이 제안되었다 [1]. 중앙처리장치의 동적 전압/주파수 제어 기법에 이어 유기발광다이오드(OLED) 기반 디스플레이의 동적 구동회로 공급 전압 기법이 제안되었다 [2]. 유기발광다 이오드 디스플레이는 전력 소모 및 시야각 등 기존 액정 표시장치에 비해 여러 우수한 특성으로 인해 주목받고 있는 차세대 디스플레이 장치이다. 유기발광다 이오드 디스플레이의 적은 전력 소모량에도 불구하고 화면의 대형화 및 해상도의 고밀도화에 따라 시스템 전력 소모에서 여전히 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 유기발 광다이오드 디스플레이의 동적 구동회로 공급 전압 기법(OLED DVS)는 색상의 변화의 기초한 기존의 유기발광다이오드 디스플레이 전력 절감 기법과는 달리 최 소한의 이미지 왜곡만을 수반하여 대부분의 사진, 동영상 등에 적용가능한 전력 절감 기법이다. 해당 기법은 공급 전압의 변화시킬 필요가 있으며, 이를 시스템에 올바르게 통합시키기 위해서는 전력 변환 회로 및 배터리 구성에 미치는 영향을 고려해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 유기발광다이오드 디스플레이의 전력 소모와 함께 전체 시스 템 효율에 미치는 영향을 함께 고려하여 시스템을 최적화한다. 배터리 구성 역 시 기존의 설계 표준 대신 체계적인 시스템 분석에 기반한 최적화가 시도되었다. 공급전압이 조절 가능한 유기발광다이오드 디스플레이 하드웨어 및 제어기 시스 템-온-칩 (System-on-a-chip, SoC) 가 제작되었고, 그 동작 특성이 분석되었다. 기존 스마트폰 및 태블릿 PC 개발용 플랫폼의 전력 변환 효율 및 동작 특성 역시 분석 되었다. 유기발광다이오드 디스플레이의 동적 구동회로 공급 전압 기법의 동작 특성 및 스마트폰 플랫폼의 동작 특성, 배터리 특성에 대한 분석을 기반으로 시스 템 수준에서의 전력 변환 효율이 최적화되었다.Modern mobile devices such as smartphone or tablet PC are typically equipped a high-performance CPU, memory, wireless interface, and display. As a result, their power consumption is as high as a small-size laptop computer. The boundary between the mobile devices and laptop computer is becoming unclear from the perspective of the performance and power. However, their battery and related power conversion architecture are only designed according to the legacy design so far. Smartphone and tablet PCs from major vendors such as iPad from Apple or Galaxy-tab from Samsung uses 1-cell Li-ion battery. The laptop PC typically has 3-cell Li-ion battery. The output voltage of the battery affect system-level power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, traditional power conversion architecture in the mobile computing system is designed only considering the fixed condition where the system-level low-power techniques such as DVFS are becoming mandatory. Such a low-power techniques applied to the major components result in not only load demand fluctuation but also supply voltage changing. It has an effect on the battery lifetime as well as the system-level power delivery efficiency. The efficiency is affected by the operating condition including input voltage, output voltage, and output current. We should consider the operating condition of the major power consumer such as a display to enhance the system-level power delivery efficiency. Therefore, we need to design the system not only from the perspective of the power consumption but also energy storage design. The optimization of battery setup considering battery characteristics was presented in [1]. Beside the DVFS of microprocessor, a power saving technique based on the supply voltage scaling of the OLED driver circuit was recently introduced [2]. An organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a promising display device which has a lot of advantages compared with conventional LCD, but it still consumes significant amount of power consumption due to the size and resolution increasing. The OLED dynamic voltage scaling (OLED DVS) technique is the first OLED display power saving technique that induces only minimal color change to accommodate display of natural images where the existing OLED low-power techniques are based on the color change. The OLED DVS incurs supply voltage change. Therefore we need to consider the system-level power delivery efficiency and battery setup to properly integrate the DVS-enabled OLED display to the system. In this dissertation, we not only optimize the power consumption of the OLED display but also consider its effect on the whole system power efficiency. We perform the optimization of the battery setup by a systematic method instead of the legacy design rule. At first, we develop an algorithm for the OLED DVS for the still images and a histogram-based online method for the image sequence with a hardware board and a SoC. We characterize the behavior of the OLED DVS. Next, we analyze the characteristics of the smartphone and tablet-PC platforms by using the development platforms. We profile the power consumption of each components in the smartphone and power conversion efficiency of the boost converter which is used in the tablet-PC for the display devices. We optimize not only the power consuming components or the conversion system but also the energy storage system based on the battery model and system-level power delivery efficiency analysis.1 Introduction 1.1 Supply Voltage Scaling for OLED Display 1.2 Power Conversion Efficiency in MobileSystems 1.3 Research Motivation 2 Related Work 2.1 Low-Power Techniques for Display Devices 2.1.1 Light Source Control-Based Approaches 2.1.2 User Behavior-Based Approaches 2.1.3 Low-Power Techniques for Controller and Framebuffer 2.1.4 Pre-ChargingforOLED 2.1.5 ColorRemapping 2.2 Battery discharging efficiency aware low-power techniques 2.2.1 Parallel Connection 2.2.2 Constant-Current Regulator-Based Architecture 2.3 System-level power analysis techniques 3 Preliminary 38 3.1 Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Display 3.1.1 OLED Cell Architecture 3.1.2 OLED Panel Architecture 3.1.3 OLED Driver Circuits 3.2 Effect of VDD scaling on driver circuits 3.2.1 VDD scaling for AM drivers 3.2.2 VDD scaling for PWM drivers 4 Supply Voltage Scaling and Image Compensation of OLED displays 4.1 Image quality and power models of OLED panels 4.2 OLED display characterization 4.3 VDD scaling and image compensation 5 OLED DVS implementation 5.1 Hardware prototype implementation 5.2 OLED DVS System-on-Chip implementation 5.3 Optimization of OLED DVS SoC 5.4 VDD transition overhead 6 Power conversion efficiency and delivery architecture in mobile Systems 6.1 Power conversion efficiency model of switching-Mode DC–DC converters 6.2 Power conversion efficiency model of linear regulator power loss model 6.3 Rate Capacity Effect of Li-ion Batteries 7 Power conversion efficiency-aware battery setup optimization with DVS- enabled OLED display 7.1 System-level power efficiency model 7.2 Power conversion efficiency analysis of smartphone platform 7.3 Power conversion efficiency for OLED power supply 7.4 Li-ion battery model 7.4.1 Battery model parameter extraction 7.5 Battery setup optimization 8 Experiments 8.1 Simulation result for OLED display with AM driver 8.2 Measurement result for OLED display with PWM driver 8.3 Design space exploration of battery setup with OLED displays 9 Conclusion 10 Future WorkDocto

Low-Overhead Adaptive Brightness Scaling for Energy Reduction in OLED Displays

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is rapidly emerging as the mainstream mobile display technology. This is posing new challenges on the design of energy-saving solutions for OLED displays, specifically intended for interactive devices such as smartphones, smartwatches and tablets. To this date, the standard solution is brightness scaling. However, the amount of the scaling is typically set statically (either by the user, through a setting knob, or by the system in response to predefined events such as low-battery status) and independently of the displayed image. In this work we describe a smart computing technique called Low-Overhead Adaptive Brightness Scaling (LABS), that overcomes these limitations. In LABS, the optimal content-dependent brightness scaling factor is determined automatically for each displayed image, on a frame-by-frame basis, with a low computational cost that allows real-time usage. The basic form of LABS achieves more than 35% power reduction on average, when applied to different image datasets, while maintaining the Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM) between the original and transformed images above 97%

Dynamic power management: from portable devices to high performance computing

Electronic applications are nowadays converging under the umbrella of the cloud computing vision. The future ecosystem of information and communication technology is going to integrate clouds of portable clients and embedded devices exchanging information, through the internet layer, with processing clusters of servers, data-centers and high performance computing systems. Even thus the whole society is waiting to embrace this revolution, there is a backside of the story. Portable devices require battery to work far from the power plugs and their storage capacity does not scale as the increasing power requirement does. At the other end processing clusters, such as data-centers and server farms, are build upon the integration of thousands multiprocessors. For each of them during the last decade the technology scaling has produced a dramatic increase in power density with significant spatial and temporal variability. This leads to power and temperature hot-spots, which may cause non-uniform ageing and accelerated chip failure. Nonetheless all the heat removed from the silicon translates in high cooling costs. Moreover trend in ICT carbon footprint shows that run-time power consumption of the all spectrum of devices accounts for a significant slice of entire world carbon emissions. This thesis work embrace the full ICT ecosystem and dynamic power consumption concerns by describing a set of new and promising system levels resource management techniques to reduce the power consumption and related issues for two corner cases: Mobile Devices and High Performance Computing

Image Processing for Machine Vision Applications

L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

A Linear-Time Algorithm of Low-Power Histogram Equalization for OLED Displays

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2014. 2. 김태환.영상의 대비를 향상 시키기 위해 널리 사용되는 방법 중 하나가 히스토그램 평준화(Histogram equalization, HE)이다. 그러나 소비전력을 고려하지 않은 히스토그램 평준화를 유기 발광 다이오드(organic light-emitting diode, OLED) 디스플레이(display)에 적용하게 되면 디스플레이의 소비전력을 증가 시키는 한계가 있다. 이 연구에서는 선형 시간에 계산이 가능한 저전력 히스토그램 평준화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 이 알고리즘은 히스토그램 평준화를 적용한 영상의 후 처리 과정으로 사용되어 히스토그램 평준화의 한계를 극복할 수 있다. 더 나아가 저전력 알고리즘을 통해 OLED 디스플레이의 소비전력을 감소 시키고 미미하게 감소된 평균 밝기는 히스토그램 평준화를 이용하여 영상의 대비를 향상 시켜 보상하는 방법으로 OLED 디스플레이의 소비전력 문제를 해결하는 하나의 방법으로도 사용될 수 있다. 우리가 제안한 알고리즘은 히스토그램 평준화에 의해 변형된 영상의 밝기 단계(gray level)를 조절하여 OLED 디스플레이의 전력 소모를 줄였다. 이 알고리즘은 히스토그램 평준화를 통해 변형된 영상의 밝기 단계 중 많은 수가 실제로는 사용되지 않는다는 분석에 기초를 두고 있다. 영상에서 사용되지 않은 밝기 단계를 제거할 때 영상의 대비(contrast) 변화를 최소화하면서 영상을 변형 시키는 것이 이 알고리즘의 핵심이다. 24개의 코닥(Kodak) 영상을 사용하여 실험한 결과 우리가 제안한 알고리즘은 전력을 고려하지 않은 히스토그램 평준화 알고리즘 대비 소비전력을 64%까지 감소 시킬 수 있었다. 또한 기존에 제안 된 소비전력을 고려한 히스토그램 평준화 알고리즘과는 영상의 대비, 감소된 소비전력 측면에서 비슷한 수준의 효과를 보였다. 그러나 알고리즘의 수행 속도를 기존의 저 소비전력 알고리즘 대비 443배 향상 시킬 수 있었다.Histogram equalization (HE) is a widely used technique to enhance the contrast of images. However, one critical limitation of the HE based image enhancement techniques is the unawareness of power consumption. In this work, we propose a linear-time power-aware image reformation algorithm, which can be used as a post-processing of HE based image transformations, to overcome the limitation. Precisely, our proposed algorithm refines the images produced by HE based image transformations to reduce power consumption in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display while preserving the quality of image.The key idea is based on the observation that a large number of gray levels are never used in the HE images, which implies that those gray levels can be efficiently and effectively exploited to reduce power consumption with an easiness of maintaining the image contrast. Through experiments with 24 Kodak images, it is shown that our proposed algorithm incorporating the idea is able to reduce the power consumption by 64% over that of the power unaware conventional HE transformation algorithm,and speed up the processing time by 443 times faster over that of the power aware conventional HE transformation algorithm while achieving almost the same contrast/brightness and power saving.요약(국문초록) 제 1 장 서론 제 2 장 본론 2.1 개요 및 배경 이론 2.2 관찰 및 분석 2.3 알고리즘 2.4 실험 제 3 장 결론 참고문헌 AbstractMaste