Adaptive Resource Allocation Algorithms For Data And Energy Integrated Networks Supporting Internet of Things

According to the forecast, there are around 2.1 billion IoT devices connected to the network by 2022. The rapidly increased IoT devices bring enormous pressure to the energy management work as most of them are battery-powered gadgets. What’s more, in some specific scenarios, the IoT nodes are fitted in some extreme environment. For example, a large-scale IoT pressure sensor system is deployed underneath the floor to detect people moving across the floor. A density-viscosity sensor is deployed inside the fermenting vat to discriminate variations in density and viscosity for monitoring the wine fermentation. A strain distribution wireless sensor for detecting the crack formation of the bridge is deployed underneath the bridge and attached near the welded part of the steel. It is difficult for people to have an access to the extreme environment. Hence, the energy management work, namely, replacing batteries for the rapidly increased IoT sensors in the extreme environment brings more challenges. In order to reduce the frequency of changing batteries, the thesis proposes a self-management Data and Energy Integrated Network (DEIN) system, which designs a stable and controllable ambient RF resource to charge the battery-less IoT wireless devices. It embraces an adaptive energy management mechanism for automatically maintaining the energy level of the battery-less IoT wireless devices, which always keeps the devices within a workable voltage range that is from 2.9 to 4.0 volts. Based on the DEIN system, RF energy transmission is achieved by transmitting the designed packets with enhanced transmission power. However, it partly occupies the bandwidth which was only used for wireless information transmission. Hence, a scheduling cycle mechanism is proposed in the thesis for organizing the RF energy and wireless information transmission in separate time slots. In addition, a bandwidth allocation algorithm is proposed to minimize the bandwidth for RF energy transmission in order to maximize the throughput of wireless information. To harvest the RF energy, the RF-to-DC energy conversion is essential at the receiver side. According to the existing technologies, the hardware design of the RF-to-DC energy converter is normally realized by the voltage rectifier which is structured by multiple Schottky diodes and capacitors. Research proves that a maximum of 84% RF-to-DC conversion efficiency is obtained by comparing a variety of different wireless band for transmitting RF energy. Furthermore, there is energy loss in the air during transmitting the RF energy to the receiver. Moreover, the circuital loss happens when the harvested energy is utilized by electronic components. Hence, how to improve the efficiency of RF energy utilization is considered in the thesis. According to the scenario proposed in the thesis, the harvested energy is mainly consumed for uplink transmission. a resource allocation algorithm is proposed to minimize the system’s energy consumption per bit of uplink data. It works out the optimal transmission power for RF energy as well as the bandwidth allocated for RF energy and wireless information transmission. Referring to the existing RF energy transmission and harvesting application on the market, the Powercast uses the supercapacitor to preserve the harvested RF energy. Due to the lack of self-control energy management mechanism for the embedded sensor, the harvested energy is consumed quickly, and the system has to keep transmitting RF energy. Existing jobs have proposed energy-saving methods for IoT wireless devices such as how to put them in sleep mode and how to reduce transmission power. However,they are not adaptive, and that would be an issue for a practical application. In the thesis, an energy-saving algorithm is designed to adaptively manage the transmission power of the device for uplink data transmission. The algorithm balances the trade-off between the transmission power and the packet loss rate. It finds the optimal transmission power to minimize the average energy cost for uplink data transmission, which saves the harvested energy to reduce the frequency of RF energy transmission to free more bandwidth for wireless information

Advanced Fault Diagnosis and Health Monitoring Techniques for Complex Engineering Systems

Over the last few decades, the field of fault diagnostics and structural health management has been experiencing rapid developments. The reliability, availability, and safety of engineering systems can be significantly improved by implementing multifaceted strategies of in situ diagnostics and prognostics. With the development of intelligence algorithms, smart sensors, and advanced data collection and modeling techniques, this challenging research area has been receiving ever-increasing attention in both fundamental research and engineering applications. This has been strongly supported by the extensive applications ranging from aerospace, automotive, transport, manufacturing, and processing industries to defense and infrastructure industries

Modeling and Assessing an Energy-Aware Power-Supply for Wireless Sensor Nodes

[EN] Este trabajo presenta el modelado y evaluación de un sistema de alimentación para el sensor de la plataforma Iris[EN] Wireless sensors networks can be deployed in remote locations due to they do not need a fixed infrastructure. Therefore, energy scavenging systems are really important to provide the energy necessary to the sensor nodes and thus maximize its lifetime. This work presents the modeling and assessing of an energy-aware power-supply system for the Iris platform sensor. Theoretical models have been developed in order to estimate the energy in the energy storage supercapacitor depending on the incoming and outgoing energy. These models can be used to verify that the power-supply system provides enough energy to the sensor node under the most adverse weather conditions, and thus assuring the perpetual operation of the sensor nodes without human intervention. Also, these models will be implemented in a software module that makes possible the estimation of the sensor nodes¿ lifetime in function of their actual state of energy. The theoretical results given by these models have been compared with the results obtained with the real circuit. The comparison between both proves that the theoretical models are valid for the prediction of the future estate of energy based on the actual estate of energy.Álvarez Álvarez, J. (2009). Modeling and Assessing an Energy-Aware Power-Supply for Wireless Sensor Nodes. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/27229.Archivo delegad

Internet of Things 2.0: Concepts, Applications, and Future Directions

Applications and technologies of the Internet of Things are in high demand with the increase of network devices. With the development of technologies such as 5G, machine learning, edge computing, and Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things has evolved. This survey article discusses the evolution of the Internet of Things and presents the vision for Internet of Things 2.0. The Internet of Things 2.0 development is discussed across seven major fields. These fields are machine learning intelligence, mission critical communication, scalability, energy harvesting-based energy sustainability, interoperability, user friendly IoT, and security. Other than these major fields, the architectural development of the Internet of Things and major types of applications are also reviewed. Finally, this article ends with the vision and current limitations of the Internet of Things in future network environments

Development, Deployment & Evaluation of Wireless IoT Devices with Energy Harvesting

Master's thesis Information- and communication technology IKT590 - University of Agder 2018Konfidensiell til / confidential until 01.07.202

Scheduling Tasks on Intermittently-Powered Real-Time Systems

Batteryless systems go through sporadic power on and off phases due to intermittently available energy; thus, they are called intermittent systems. Unfortunately, this intermittence in power supply hinders the timely execution of tasks and limits such devices’ potential in certain application domains, e.g., healthcare, live-stock tracking. Unlike prior work on time-aware intermittent systems that focuses on timekeeping [1, 2, 3] and discarding expired data [4], this dissertation concentrates on finishing task execution on time. I leverage the data processing and control layer of batteryless systems by developing frameworks that (1) integrate energy harvesting and real-time systems, (2) rethink machine learning algorithms for an energy-aware imprecise task scheduling framework, (3) develop scheduling algorithms that, along with deciding what to compute, answers when to compute and when to harvest, and (4) utilize distributed systems that collaboratively emulate a persistently powered system. Scheduling Framework for Intermittently Powered Computing Systems. Batteryless systems rely on sporadically available harvestable energy. For example, kinetic-powered motion detector sensors on the impalas can only harvest energy when the impalas are moving, which cannot be ascertained in advance. This uncertainty poses a unique real-time scheduling problem where existing real-time algorithms fail due to the interruption in execution time. This dissertation proposes a unified scheduling framework that includes both harvesting and computing. Imprecise Deep Neural Network Inference in Deadline-Aware Intermittent Systems. This dissertation proposes Zygarde- an energy-aware and outcome-aware soft-real-time imprecise deep neural network (DNN) task scheduling framework for intermittent systems. Zygarde leverages the semantic diversity of input data and layer-dependent expressiveness of deep features and infers only the necessary DNN layers based on available time and energy. Zygarde proposes a novel technique to determine the imprecise boundary at the runtime by exploiting the clustering classifiers and specialized offline training of the DNNs to minimize the loss of accuracy due to partial execution. It also proposes a single metric, η to represent a system’s predictability that measures how close a harvesterâs harvesting pattern is to a constant energy source. Besides, Zygarde consists of a scheduling algorithm that takes available time, available energy, impreciseness, and the classifier's performance into account. Scheduling Mutually Exclusive Computing and Harvesting Tasks in Deadline-Aware Intermittent Systems. The lack of sufficient ambient energy to directly power the intermittent systems introduces mutually exclusive computing and charging cycles of intermittently powered systems. This introduces a challenging real-time scheduling problem where the existing real-time algorithms fail due to the lack of interruption in execution time. To address this, this dissertation proposes Celebi, which considers the dynamics of the available energy and schedules when to harvest and when to compute in batteryless systems. Using data-driven simulation and real-world experiments, this dissertation shows that Celebi significantly increases the number of tasks that complete execution before their deadline when power was only available intermittently. Persistent System Emulation with Distributed Intermittent System. Intermittently-powered sensing and computing systems go through sporadic power-on and off periods due to the uncertain availability of energy sources. Despite the recent efforts to advance time-sensitive intermittent systems, such systems fail to capture important target events when the energy is absent for a prolonged time. This event miss limits the potential usage of intermittent systems in fault- intolerant and safety-critical applications. To address this problem, this dissertation proposes Falinks, a framework that allows a swarm of distributed intermittently powered nodes to collaboratively imitate the sensing and computing capabilities of a persistently powered system. This framework provides power-on and off schedules for the swamp of intermittent nodes which has no communication capability with each other.Doctor of Philosoph

Analyzing and Modelling Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

Projecte final de carrera fet en col.laboració amb Northeastern University.English: Energy harvesting is envisaged as an enabling technology to meet the growing energy demands of the 21st century. The current state of the art allows tapping into several physical and naturally existing sources, such as solar, wind, vibration, RF scavenging, among others. However, there is a lack of theoretical models that can predict future consumption and residual availability of energy in a sensor node equipped with multiple boards that harvest a particular source or even simultaneously operate on different types of sources. In this thesis, we propose MAKERS, a Markov model based method to capture the energy states of such a multi-harvesting board sensor. MAKERS allows detailed predictions of the (i) probability of a node failing to detect an event owing to lack of energy, as well as the (ii) average time before this happens. Compared to previous work in this area, our model has a simpler closed form expression, it is not limited to a sensor having a single-harvesting board, and finally, it considers a more realistic harvesting model. Monte-Carlo simulation results reveal a close fit between the closed form expression in MAKERS and observed values, thereby verifying the accuracy of our approach. We later revise the model in order to relax the first constraints and move into a more realistic environment. Using some of this modifications, we conducted a set of experiments to analyze the proposed model. Results measuring the average time before running out of energy in real cases show a good agreement with theoretical predictions. The work presented here pretends to be the first step on modeling multiple-source energy harvesting nodes within the wireless sensor networks field.Castellano: La recolección de energía se concibe como una tecnología apta para satisfacer las crecientes demandas de energía del siglo XXI. El estado actual de la técnica permite aprovechar varias fuentes de energía existentes, físicas y naturales, tales como la energía solar, la eólica, la vibración, las ondas de radiofrecuencia, entre otras. Sin embargo, hay una falta de modelos teóricos que puedan predecir el consumo futuro y la disponibilidad de la energía residual en un sensor equipado con varias tarjetas que recolecten de una fuente determinada, o incluso al mismo tiempo operen sobre distintos tipos de fuentes de energía. En esta tesis, proponemos MAKERS, un modelo basado en los métodos de los procesos de Markov para capturar el estado de energía de un sensor con una tarjeta de multi-cosecha de energía. MAKERS permite predicciones detalladas de la probabilidad (i) de un nodo de no detectar un evento debido a la falta de energía, así como del tiempo (ii) promedio antes de que esto suceda. En comparación con trabajos anteriores en este ámbito, nuestro modelo tiene una expresión más simple, no se limita a un sensor que tiene una tarjeta de una sola fuente de energía, y, por último, considera un modelo más realista de la cosecha. Los resultados de las simulaciones Monte-Carlo revelan un ajuste perfecto entre la expresión de MAKERS y los valores observados, verificando la exactitud de nuestro enfoque. Más tarde, revisamos el modelo con el fin de relajar las primeras restricciones y pasar a un entorno más realista. Usando algunas de estas modificaciones, se realizó una serie de experimentos para analizar el modelo propuesto. Los resultados de la medición del tiempo medio antes de quedarse sin energía en casos reales se corresponden con las predicciones teóricas. El trabajo que aquí se presenta pretende ser el primer paso en el modelado de sensores alimentados por múltiples fuentes de la energía en el campo de las redes de sensores inalámbricos.Català: La recollita d'energia es concep com una tecnologia apta per satisfer les creixents demandes d'energia del segle XXI. L'estat actual de la tècnica permet aprofitar diverses fonts d'energia existents, físiques i naturals, com ara l'energia solar, l'eòlica, la vibració, les ones de radiofreqüència, entre altres. No obstant, hi ha una manca de models teòrics que puguin predir el consum futur i la disponibilitat de l'energia residual en un sensor equipat amb diverses targetes que recol·lecten d'una font determinada, o fins i tot a la vegada operin sobre diferents tipus de fonts d'energia. En aquesta tesi, proposem MAKERS, un model basat en els mètodes dels processos de Markov per capturar l'estat d'energia d'un sensor amb una targeta de multi-collita d'energia. MAKERS permet prediccions detallades de la probabilitat (i) d'un node de no detectar un esdeveniment a causa de la falta d'energia, així com del temps (ii) de mitjana abans que això passi. En comparació amb treballs anteriors en aquest àmbit, el nostre model té una expressió més simple, no es limita a un sensor que té una targeta d'una sola font d'energia, i, finalment, considera un model més realista de la recollita. Els resultats de les simulacions Monte-Carlo revelen un ajust perfecte entre l'expressió de MAKERS i els valors observats, verificant l'exactitud del nostre enfocament. Més tard, revisem el model per tal de relaxar les primeres restriccions i passar a un entorn més realista. Utilitzant algunes d'aquestes modificacions, es va realitzar una sèrie d'experiments per analitzar el model proposat. Els resultats de les mesures del temps mig abans de quedar-se sense energia en casos reals es corresponen amb les prediccions teòriques. El treball que aquí es presenta pretén ser el primer pas en el modelatge de sensors alimentats per múltiples fonts de l'energia en el camp de les xarxes de sensors sense fils

Energy Harvesting and Energy Storage Systems

This book discuss the recent developments in energy harvesting and energy storage systems. Sustainable development systems are based on three pillars: economic development, environmental stewardship, and social equity. One of the guiding principles for finding the balance between these pillars is to limit the use of non-renewable energy sources

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Chapter 8: Energy Harvesting Technologies: Thick-Film Piezoelectric Microgenerato

NASA Tech Briefs, April 2012

Topics include: Computational Ghost Imaging for Remote Sensing; Digital Architecture for a Trace Gas Sensor Platform; Dispersed Fringe Sensing Analysis - DFSA; Indium Tin Oxide Resistor-Based Nitric Oxide Microsensors; Gas Composition Sensing Using Carbon Nanotube Arrays; Sensor for Boundary Shear Stress in Fluid Flow; Model-Based Method for Sensor Validation; Qualification of Engineering Camera for Long-Duration Deep Space Missions; Remotely Powered Reconfigurable Receiver for Extreme Environment Sensing Platforms; Bump Bonding Using Metal-Coated Carbon Nanotubes; In Situ Mosaic Brightness Correction; Simplex GPS and InSAR Inversion Software; Virtual Machine Language 2.1; Multi-Scale Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation System for Coastal Ocean Prediction; Pandora Operation and Analysis Software; Fabrication of a Cryogenic Bias Filter for Ultrasensitive Focal Plane; Processing of Nanosensors Using a Sacrificial Template Approach; High-Temperature Shape Memory Polymers; Modular Flooring System; Non-Toxic, Low-Freezing, Drop-In Replacement Heat Transfer Fluids; Materials That Enhance Efficiency and Radiation Resistance of Solar Cells; Low-Cost, Rugged High-Vacuum System; Static Gas-Charging Plug; Floating Oil-Spill Containment Device; Stemless Ball Valve; Improving Balance Function Using Low Levels of Electrical Stimulation of the Balance Organs; Oxygen-Methane Thruster; Lunar Navigation Determination System - LaNDS; Launch Method for Kites in Low-Wind or No-Wind Conditions; Supercritical CO2 Cleaning System for Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Applications; Design and Performance of a Wideband Radio Telescope; Finite Element Models for Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication Process Autonomous Information Unit for Fine-Grain Data Access Control and Information Protection in a Net-Centric System; Vehicle Detection for RCTA/ANS (Autonomous Navigation System); Image Mapping and Visual Attention on the Sensory Ego-Sphere; HyDE Framework for Stochastic and Hybrid Model-Based Diagnosis; and IMAGESEER - IMAGEs for Education and Research