Onsetsu hyoki no kyotsusei ni motozuita Ajia moji nyuryoku intafesu ni kansuru kenkyu

制度:新 ; 報告番号:甲3450号 ; 学位の種類:博士(国際情報通信学) ; 授与年月日:2011/10/26 ; 早大学位記番号:新577

A Phonetic, Phonological, and Morphosyntactic Analysis of the Mara Language

This thesis presents a linguistic analysis of the Mara language, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northwest Myanmar and in neighboring districts of India. Data has been gathered through interviews with a native speaker. The analysis includes a full phonetic segment inventory of the dialect and a phonological analysis of contrastive sounds and contextual variants. Sound files embedded in the document illustrate the phonetic system. Mara\u27s distinctive phonetic features include the loss of word-final consonants, a set of voiceless sonorants, pre- and post- aspirated nasals, and lowered and unlowered vowel pairs. The morphosyntax of Mara pronominal words demonstrates a split-ergative case marking pattern. A deictic hierarchy of pronominal words accounts for variations in pronominal word presence and order

Transnational spaces of education as infrastructures of im/mobility

How do transnational education and international student mobilities intersect? Drawing on geographical literatures on knowledge mobilities and migration infrastructures, offshore campuses are conceptualised as infrastructures of im/mobilities, which are simultaneously embedded within global networks and situated within regional migration regimes. Based on qualitative research on offshore campuses in Southeast Asia, I presents a systematic typology of how offshore campuses and international student mobilities intersect. It is shown how mobile universities play a complex and situated role in reconfiguring international student mobilities and how their material and discursive spaces are sites of circulation and containment. By developing an infrastructures perspective that takes universities as brokers and campuses as the sites of brokerage into consideration, the study advances geographical knowledge on globalising education and mobilities.Leibniz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001664Peer Reviewe

Safe Migration and the Politics of Brokered Safety in Southeast Asia

The book investigates how the United Nations, governments, and aid agencies mobilise and instrumentalise migration policies and programmes through a discourse of safe migration. Since the early 2000s, numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs), UN agencies, and governments have warmed to the concept of safe migration, often within a context of anti-trafficking interventions. Yet, both the policy-enthusiasm for safety, as well as how safe migration comes into being through policies and programs remain unexplored. Based on seven years of ethnographic fieldwork in the Mekong region, this is the first book that traces the emergence of safe migration, why certain aid actors gravitate towards the concept, as well as how safe migration policies and programmes unfold through aid agencies and government bodies. The book argues that safe migration is best understood as brokered safety. Although safe migration policy interventions attempt to formalize pre-emptive and protective measures to enhance labour migrants’ well-being, the book shows through vivid ethnographic details how formal migration assistance in itself depends on – and produces – informal asnd mediated practices. The book offers unprecedented insights into what safe migration policies look like in practice. It is an innovate contribution to contemporary theorizing of contemporary forms of migration governance and will be of interest to sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and human geographers working within the fields of Migration studies, Development Studies, as well as Southeast Asian and Global Studies. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003185734 has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license

Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Development

This Handbook traces the uneven experiences that have accompanied development in Southeast Asia. The region is often considered to be a development success story; however, it is increasingly recognized that growth underpinning this development has been accompanied by patterns of inequality, violence, environmental degradation and cultural loss. In 30 chapters, written by established and emerging experts of the region, the Handbook examines development encounters through four thematic sections: • Approaching Southeast Asian development, • Institutions and economies of development, • People and development and • Environment and development. The authors draw from national or sub-national case studies to consider regional scale processes of development – tracing the uneven distribution of costs, risks and benefits. Core themes include the ongoing neoliberalization of development, issues of social and environmental justice and questions of agency and empowerment. This important reference work provides rich insights into the diverse impacts of current patterns of development and in doing so raises questions and challenges for realizing more equitable alternatives. It will be of value to students and scholars of Asian Studies, Development Studies, Human Geography, Political Ecology and Asian Politics

Impact of mining projects on environmental determinants of health and associated health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: insights for guiding impact assessment practice

Background: About one quarter of the global burden of disease is attributed to environmental risk factors, commonly termed environmental determinants of health (EDH). Spanning across all three dimensions of sustainable development – economy, environment and society– the EDH are a cross-cutting theme in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They include, for example, air and water pollution, housing quality, and climate factors. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the regions carrying the largest health burden from the EDH. Large industrial mining projects can have substantial positive and negative impacts on the EDH and associated health outcomes, and hence on the SDGs, through a variety of direct and indirect pathways. Directly, mining projects can for example increase air or water pollution. Indirectly, the development of a mining project can provide livelihood opportunities that may trigger investments in housing, and improvements in water or sanitation infrastructures. Mines also attract large numbers of people potentially leading to overcrowded settlements and overburdened public infrastructures. Ideally, potential health impacts of these different pathways are systematically assessed in health impact assessments (HIA). However, the use of HIA in SSA is limited. For promoting its application, a deeper understanding of positive and negative effects of mining projects on EDH is needed. Objectives: The overarching aim of this PhD thesis was to assess the impact of mining projects in SSA on the EDH and associated health outcomes in affected communities. More specifically, with a focus on SSA, the objectives of the thesis were to (i) quantify annual settlement growth patterns in rural mining settlements; (ii) study associations between mining projects and housing conditions and respiratory diseases in children; (iii) assess impacts of mining projects on water and sanitation infrastructures and associated child health outcomes; and (iv) determine how health is integrated in impact assessment practice of mining projects. Research partnerships: The research is embedded in the “Health impact assessment for sustainable development” (HIA4SD) project. Six PhD students and project partners in a governance work stream conducted research on different aspects around health in resource extraction regions in different parts of SSA, supplemented with literature reviews. Methods: The methods applied include a machine learning application for quantifying annual settlement growth patterns in mining areas. Land use classifications were done using support vector machine classifiers. Historic Google Earth imagery served as training data for the classifier that was applied to a stack of Landsat imagery to derive annual land use maps. For the assessment of the impacts of mines on household and child health indicators, all Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets from SSA were merged with a comprehensive list of mines in SSA. Regression analyses were used to compare the temporal and spatial trends between impacted and comparison areas. The inclusion of health aspects in impact assessment practice was studied by a documentary analysis of impact assessment reports. These were obtained through a systematic online search and by contacting mining companies and ministries. Lastly, three videos were produced outlining the research approach and sharing community voices on the perceived impacts of mines on health. Results: The merging of DHS data with the information on mines yielded the largest available dataset on household and child characteristics in SSA, comprising of data on more than 40,000 households and 30,000 children from 23 countries used for longitudinal analyses. Furthermore, the land use classification achieved overall accuracies between 58.5% and 95.1%, depending on training data availability and climatic conditions. The analyses showed that in mining areas, (i) no increased annual settlement growth or evidence for overcrowding was observed; (ii) access and quality of infrastructures increased; (iii) indoor smoking rates increased; and (iv) some health indicators, such as stunting and underweight, improved while wasting, diarrheal diseases, and acute respiratory infections did not differ from comparison areas. Furthermore, large differences in these impacts between countries and across socioeconomic strata were observed. In general, people from poorer households benefited less from the positive impacts on infrastructures. Screening of 44 impact assessment reports showed that (i) impact assessment practice in SSA had a strong environmental focus, putting little attention to health outcomes; (ii) there was a lack of transparency in impact assessment in the mining sector; and (iii) the collection of primary data as baseline indicators for health outcomes was rare. Conclusions and significance: The positive impacts of mining projects on infrastructures underline the potential of the mining sector to promote community development in producer regions. However, for these positive impacts to firstly reach all societal strata and secondly translate into better health outcomes, the shortcomings of current impact assessment practice need to be addressed. Firstly, a broader consideration of health outcomes, as well as the inclusion of the wider determinants of health, should be promoted in national and international policies and legislations. Secondly, the considerations of environmental health aspects in impact assessments should look beyond the mine as only source of pollution and recognize the different indirect pathways how mining projects could affect environmental pollution. Thirdly, the particular health needs of vulnerable population groups should be addressed in an equitable manner. This should include an assessment of the root causes determining the unequal distribution of risks and benefits. Lastly, the disadvantages of secondary data identified in this thesis warrant an increased collection of primary data for impact assessment. Taken together, the findings of this PhD thesis suggest that with the right policy frameworks in place, the mining sector has the potential to make positive and substantial contributions towards achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Having entered the “Decade of Action” to achieve the SDGs by 2030 while facing the challenges of a global pandemic, this opportunity should not be missed

Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini

Halving snakebite morbidity and mortality by 2030 requires countries to develop both prevention and treatment strategies. The paucity of data on the global incidence and severity of snakebite envenoming causes challenges in prioritizing and mobilising resources for snakebite prevention and treatment. In line with the World Health Organisation's 2019 Snakebite Strategy, this study sought to investigate Eswatini's snakebite epidemiology and outcomes, and identify the socio-geographical factors associated with snakebite risk. Programmatic data from the Ministry of Health, Government of Eswatini 2019-2021, was used to assess the epidemiology and outcomes of snakebite in Eswatini. We developed a snake species richness map from the occurrence data of all venomous snakes of medical importance in Eswatini that was subjected to niche modelling. We formulated four risk indices using snake species richness, various geospatial datasets and reported snakebites. A multivariate cluster modelling approach using these indices was developed to estimate risk of snakebite and the outcomes of snakebite in Eswatini. An average of 466 snakebites was recorded annually in Eswatini. Bites were recorded across the entire country and peaked in the evening during summer months. Two cluster risk maps indicated areas of the country with a high probability of snakebite and a high probability of poor snakebite outcomes. The areas with the highest rate of snakebite risk were primarily in the rural and agricultural regions of the country. These models can be used to inform better snakebite prevention and treatment measures to enable Eswatini to meet the global goal of reducing snakebite morbidity and mortality by 50% by 2030. The supply chain challenges of antivenom affecting southern Africa and the high rates of snakebite identified in our study highlight the need for improved snakebite prevention and treatment tools that can be employed by health care workers stationed at rural, community clinics. [Abstract copyright: Copyright: © 2023 Padidar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.