Stylistic dominants in English and Polish poetic texts : literary semantics facing translation studies

Artykuł opisuje zwięźle rozwój (w ostatnim półwieczu) subdyscypliny lingwistyki literackiej zwanej w tradycji anglojęzycznej (głównie brytyjskiej) semantyką literacką, wskazując na jej korzenie w innych paradygmatach naukowych (m.in. w formalizmie rosyjskim oraz moskiewsko-tartuskiej szkole semiotyki) oraz na jej bliskie związki z poetyką kognitywną. Autorka wskazuje też na rozwój badań nad językiem artystycznym we współczesnej polskiej myśli lingwistycznej. Semantyka literacka, według idei T. Eatona prezentująca szerokie, interdyscyplinarne podejście do tekstów literackich, w naturalny sposób wchodzi w dialog z translatologią w obrębie studiów zwanych stylistyką porównawczą. Autorka omawia pojęcie zwane dominantą semantyczną, wprowadzone do teorii języka przez Romana Jakobsona w 1976 r., a do polskiej krytycznej teorii przekładu przez S. Barańczaka (2004), a oznaczające najbardziej wyróżniający się element złożonej struktury wiersza, funkcjonujący jako klucz do jego interpretacji i tłumaczenia. Przykłady przytoczone przez Barańczaka, zarówno jako metajęzykowy komentarz do konstruowania jego własnych przekładów wybranych anglojęzycznych utworów poetyckich, jak również jako krytyczna ocena wytworów innych tłumaczy, prowadzą autorkę artykułu do konkluzji, że pojęcie dominanty semantycznej winno zostać zastąpione dominantą stylistyczną, która to kategoria lepiej odzwierciedla szczególną cechę konstrukcji znaczenia w tekstach poetyckich, przebiegającej na wielu płaszczyznach języka i często multimodalnej, zwaną wieloznaczeniowością (plurisignation, termin Philipa E. Wheelwrighta, 1954/1968). Ponadto, raczej niż o pojedynczej dominancie stylistycznej, powinniśmy mówić o ich zespole jako kluczu do złożonej semantyki poezji. Ważną dominantą pozostaje figuracja (a szczególnie użycie tropów), jednakże instrumentacja wiersza (całość jego fonetyki i wersyfikacji), a często także układ graficzny odgrywają nie mniejszą rolę w konstrukcji jego znaczenia.The article refers briefly to the development, over the last half-century, of the sub-discipline of literary linguistics, called literary semantics in anglophone tradition. The author mentions also a development of studies on artistic language in contemporary Polish linguistic theorizing, Conceived as a broad linguistic approach to literary texts, literary semantics enters into dialogue with translation studies in the area of comparative stylistics. The author discusses the notion of semantic dominant, introduced into linguistics by R. Jakobson in 1976 and into the Polish critical theory of translation by St. Barańczak (2004) to designate the most salient element of the poem's complex structure, acting as a clue to its interpretation and translation. The examples provided by Barańczak lead us to the conclusion that the concept of semantic dominant should be re-named stylistic dominant, the term that better reflects a peculiar characteristic of a multi-level and often multimodal nature of meaning in poetic texts (plurisignation). What is more, we should talk about sets of stylistic dominants rather than their single occurrences. An important dominant remains figuration but the orchestration of the poem and often its graphic layout are of no less import in meaning construction

Washington University Record, April 15, 1999

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/record/1826/thumbnail.jp

The Social Lot: Reimagining the Future of Surface Parking Lots in Kansas City, Missouri

Currently, the world is experiencing a resurgence of the urban lifestyle as humanity undergoes its third great wave of human history, the metropolitan tide. Humanity’s advancement in the past few decades has made cities the largest technology possible. In 1952, only thirty percent of the population lived in cities, and by the end of the twenty-first century, eighty-five percent of the world’s population will be urban. With this influx of population in the urban landscape, it is pertinent now more than ever for cities to redesign the city for the pedestrian. In the 1950s, there was a predominant reorganization of the landscape and shift in the urban lifestyle in the United States as the “American Dream” ignited a move out of the city into the suburbs, This outward expansion to places to be later deemed “suburbia” transformed the landscape into separated business districts and living districts. The space in between, and even the space within the city was transformed and was designed for the consumer and the car—not the pedestrian. So, now, the contemporary urban landscape is comprised of large blocks of commercial or industrial buildings followed by intermittently organized underutilized and underperforming open space. These open spaces are usually space left-over after planning, and are created by happenstance, not intention. When this reorganization of the landscape occurred, a new model of the urban form was created, the sprawl city model. The sprawl city usually witnesses this type of car-centered organization downtown, which leads to a disconnection within the core and its people. Located in the heart of the United States lies a city so much in sprawl that it straddles two states. Connecting Kansas and Missouri, Kansas City has the potential to be a paradigm for sprawl city revitalization. Currently, Kansas City, Missouri is undergoing transformations towards a 21st century city, but the main issue inhibiting the success of these transformations is the disconnection within the city. Not only is it an expansive sprawl city, but the downtown core organization caters to the needs of the car. Miles of highway act as barriers towards connection of the city’s districts, and at the pedestrian scale, the landscape is plagued by wide streets and boulevards and underutilized open space and surface parking lots. Kansas City, Missouri is city desperately wanting to connect and revitalize the downtown core, which is rich in history and culture, but with these connection barriers, the city is having difficulty. This capstone reimagines the future of surface parking lots in the Crossroads District of Kansas City, Missouri as public space and investigates the hypothesis that engaging public spaces into the city’s almost non-existent public realm will ignite a network of public space and create a better-connected city. Through the analysis of Kansas City, Missouri, surface parking lot typologies in the Crossroads District, and the study of successful public space as determined by theories and cases studies in placemaking, this capstone aims to determine a public space toolkit needed to transform Kansas City’s surface parking lots into public spaces that provide better connectivity between its districts, neighborhoods, and people. The capstone investigates three potential sites in the Crossroads District and assesses how each site’s existing conditions and potential usage and design with the toolkit implementation can achieve a comfortable, social space that can serve as a catalyst for further public space linkage throughout the Crossroads District, and then throughout the Greater Downtown Metro Area. The goal of this capstone is to examine the viability of the toolkit as a public space placemaking method, in relation to Kansas City, and ultimately answer its initial research question: How can public space serve as an ultimate layer of connectivity in a currently disconnected city

Imagining the Unimagined Metropolis: Privilege, Liminality, and Peripheral Communities in the Contemporary Urban Situation

Various works of psychogeographic literature explore privileged and non-privileged communities and spaces through narrative and character development. Novels of this sort—specifically those by China Miéville, Neil Gaiman, and J.G. Ballard—feature narratives where their respective protagonists undergo a liminal metamorphosis and transform from a monotonous, albeit privileged urbanite into a free-associating inhabitant of the urban periphery: the unimagined, non-privileged space of urban detritus. By engaging with these authors’ novels alongside the works of the Situationists, Walter Benjamin, Rob Nixon and others, the goal of this thesis is to explore how the dominant urban epistemologies are subverted—whether or not they should be subverted—while also analysing the representation of non-privileged communities and how they resist the dominant epistemology in an attempt to imagine the unimagined metropolis. Literature is uniquely suited to exploring this topic, with the act of comparing texts itself revealing the volatile nature of the urban environment

Ideation of IoT services with citizen: coupling GenIoT and AloHa! methods

International audienceThis paper introduces a methodology for designing service concepts in the specific paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT). In the frame of the European project ELLIOT - Experiential Living Lab for Internet Of Things -, the Living Lab ICT Usage Lab aims at co-creating "green" services, i.e. services based on air quality and noise measurement. These services are invented in an open innovation setting, by a set of stakeholders and not a given service provider. In this context, the ideation methodology has two main requirements: to design services deeply rooted in people routines but impacting people lifestyle and to design services potentially embedded in the Internet of Things. The novelty of the methodology lies in the coupling of two ad-hoc methods: 1) GenIoT, a method articulated around a generative technique where "designers" are asked to place probes (fake sensors and/or actuators) in their daily environment, i.e. the target service area, and to report on it to the group, and 2) AloHa!, a bodystorming method enabling "designers" to play not only characters but also intelligent objects in order to co-create service scenarios. After a description of these complementary methods, we provide the first results on the application of this methodology

Corporate entrepreneurship : creating a management model for organisations

Globalisation and its related social, economic and political challenges is making the South African business environment ever more competitive, with firms finding that agility, flexibility and continuous self-renewal are essential to maintain their positions. To exploit their current competitive advantages and explore future opportunities, firms are increasingly adopting corporate entrepreneurship (CE) – a type of proactive behaviour.The aim of this research was to determine the extent to which South African firms in the financial, retail and telecommunications sectors use CE methods, and to uncover the most important internal organisational factors that influence their use. A literature review of all the themes relating to the topic was done, from which five propositions were developed and a questionnaire was compiled. After four suitable companies had been identified (with the aid of five CE experts), the questionnaire was used in 24 interviews conducted across these four case study organisations. The results were analysed and used to draw conclusions relating to the aim of the research.From the research findings, the author has been able to construct a model that managers of South African companies operating in the fields of finance, retail and telecommunications could use to improve their companies’ financial performance.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)unrestricte

Together We Can Make It Work! Toward a Design Framework for Inclusive and Participatory City-Making of Playable Cities

Making it work together can be challenging when various stakeholders are involved. Given the context of neighborhoods and cities specifically, stakeholders values and interests are not always aligned. In these settings, to construct long-term and sustaining participatory city-making projects, to make it work together, is demanding. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a design framework for inclusive and participatory city-making. This framework is inspired by the playable city perspective in that it endorses an open, exploratory, and interactive mindset of city actors. An extensive literature review on approaches taken for playful and participatory interventions in local communities provides the foundations for the framework. The review brings forward four pillars on which the framework is grounded and four activities for exploration of the design space for participatory city-making. A case study from The Hague (NL) is used to demonstrate how the framework can be applied to design and analyze processes in which city stakeholders together make it work. The case study analysis complements the framework with various research methods to support researchers, urban planners, and designers to engage with all city stakeholders to create playful and participatory interventions, which are inclusive and meaningful for the local community. The research contributions of this paper are the proposed framework and informed suggestions on how this framework in practice assists city stakeholders to together make it work

Mental Health - Atmospheres - Video Games: New Directions in Game Research II

Gaming has never been disconnected from reality. When we engage with ever more lavish virtual worlds, something happens to us. The game imposes itself on us and influences how we feel about it, the world, and ourselves. How do games accomplish this and to what end? The contributors explore the video game as an atmospheric medium of hitherto unimagined potential. Is the medium too powerful, too influential? A danger to our mental health or an ally through even the darkest of times? This volume compiles papers from the Young Academics Workshop at the Clash of Realities conferences of 2019 and 2020 to provide answers to these questions