Planning from second principles : a logic-based approach

In this paper, a logical formalization of planning from second principles is proposed, which relies on a systematic decomposition of the planning process. Deductive inference processes with clearly defined semantics formalize planning from second principles. Plan modification is based on a deductive approach which yields provably correct modified plans. Reusable plans are retrieved from a dynamically created plan library using terminological logic as a query language to the library. Apart from sequential plans, this approach enables a planner to efficiently reuse and modify plans containing control structures like conditionals and iterations

Deductive planning and plan reuse in a command language environment

In this paper we introduce a deductive planning system currently being developed as the kernel of an intelligent help system. It consists of a deductive planner and a plan reuse component and with that provides planning from first as well as planning from second principles. Both components rely upon an interval-based temporal logic. The deductive formalisms realizing plan formation from formal specifications and the reuse of already existing plans respectively are presented and demonstrated by examples taken from an operating system\u27s domain

Basic principles of strategic marketing planning business

В даній статті розглядається термінологія стратегічного маркетингового планування та проводиться оцінка основних принципів побудови стратегічного плану маркетингу на торгово-промислових підприємствах.This article focuses on the terminology of strategic marketing planning and assesses the basic principles of strategic marketing plan for commercial and industrial enterprises. Formation of strategic planning processes is described, both theoretically and justified on practical experience obtained from the samples documented marketing plans of Ukrainian enterprises. All article material contain three sections, each of which generates the conception of certain parts of the marketing strategic planning. The first part is considered the understanding of the term "strategic marketing planning", the second part describes the principles and stages of building a strategic marketing plan for the enterprise, and the third part includes the requirements for marketing strategic plan, based on the practical advice of specialists of commercial and industrial companies. Analyzed by the author the principles of strategic marketing planning are adapted to the realities of the Ukrainian economy, and can be used in the processes of strategic planning in the marketing of commercial and industrial enterprises.В данной статье рассматривается терминология стратегического маркетингового планирования и проводится оценка основных принципов построения стратегического маркетингового плана на торгово-промышленных предприятиях

The Mechanics of Enterprise Architecture Principles

Inspired by the city planning metaphor, enterprise architecture (EA) has gained considerable attention from academia and industry for systematically planning an IT landscape. Since EA is a relatively young discipline, a great deal of its work focuses on architecture representations (descriptive EA) that conceptualize the different architecture layers, their components, and relationships. Beside architecture representations, EA should comprise principles that guide architecture design and evolution toward predefined value and outcomes (prescriptive EA). However, research on EA principles is still very limited. Notwithstanding the increasing consensus regarding EA principles’ role and definition, the limited publications neither discuss what can be considered suitable principles, nor explain how they can be turned into effective means to achieve expected EA outcomes. This study seeks to strengthen EA’s extant theoretical core by investigating EA principles through a mixed methods research design comprising a literature review, an expert study, and three case studies. The first contribution of this study is that it sheds light on the ambiguous interpretation of EA principles in extant research by ontologically distinguishing between principles and nonprinciples, as well as deriving a set of suitable EA (meta-)principles. The second contribution connects the nascent academic discourse on EA principles to studies on EA value and outcomes. This study conceptualizes the “mechanics” of EA principles as a value-creation process, where EA principles shape the architecture design and guide its evolution and thereby realize EA outcomes. Consequently, this study brings EA’s underserved, prescriptive aspect to the fore and helps enrich its theoretical foundations

Commercial Facilities and Urban Regeneration

The paper deals with a model for assessing disparities in the development of commercial facilities. The term “commercial facilities” helps one perceive distribution not only as an economic activity in itself but also as an urban infrastructure and as a component of an urban area that forms a town, area which should be designed in accordance with the new concepts promoted by the European Union: integrated town planning, and urban regeneration. The paper consists of three parts: the first part briefly presents the importance of town development from the perspective of the theory of urban area modelling; the second part deals with the functional integration of commercial facilities into urban regeneration projects; the third part suggests a model for assessing regional disparities in the development of commercial facilities, which – using the “point method” – can be applied so that it meets the requirement of quantifying the equipment levels reached and make space comparisons. This model is based on ten indicators relevant to the studied field, as taken from Statistical Yearbook of Romania. For Romania, it is all the more necessary to define programmes for the territorial development of commercial facilities as, at present, major disparities have been caused by the disequilibrium resulted from the uncontrolled expansion of the great multinational distribution chains, which equally hindered the small independent trade and the network of shops specific to the main/historical centres of towns. The outcome of our research confirms the need that local communities should think and act consistently with the new policy of sustainable development of towns, promoted within the European Union, aimed at observing the basic principles of the territory planning policy: restructuring and strengthening the structurally deficient areas.integrated town planning, urban regeneration, commercial town planning, regional disparities, point method, sustainable development

Communication planning for development: an operational framework

This thesis is concerned with communication planning for national development: specifically with the problem of utilising a developing country's communication resources to support an integrated programme of social, political and economic mobilisation. The research which it describes sets out to construct, and test, an operational planning framework, to include among its parameters decision-making processes and political factors as well as planning strategies for communication. Following a literature search, a number of guiding principles in support of communication planning are hypothesized. These principles are then evaluated, modified and categorised, through comparison with selected communication projects and surveys, at levels ranging from the local to the national and regional. Subsequently, on the basis of this analysis, an experimental planning framework is devised, which is constructed around two basic axes: the first defining planning participants (including both planners and decision-makers), and the second defining the sequence of planning. A particular emphasis in elaborating this framework is on the relationship between communication and development planning, and on interactions between the various sectors concerned with national development. An account is then given of a field test of the experimental framework in a developing country (Afghanistan); during which independent evaluations of both the framework and of its application were carried out. Following an analysis of these evaluations, the framework is modified and a revised version proposed. Finally, an attempt is made to relate the planning framework to current concerns with popular access to communication resources, and participation in communication planning and management, as a guide to future application and evaluation

From Landscape Atlas to Flemish Heritage Landscapes: using landscape inventories to formulate landscape quality objectives in a participative process

The European Landscape Convention recommends the realisation of landscape policy, meaning “an expression by the competent public authorities of general principles, strategies and guidelines that permit the taking of specific measures aimed at the protection, management and planning of landscapes”. Landscape quality objectives should be formulated by the competent public authorities, including the aspirations of the public with regard to the landscape features of their surroundings. The responsible authorities in Flanders faced many questions to achieve these tasks. Landscape entities to be management had to be defined, landscape qualities and values formulated, but according to what time horizon, who are the different stakeholders and who is the public to be involved? Only small adjustments were made to the existing legislation on the protection of monuments, sites and landscapes to meet the recommendations of the ELC. Two of the new approaches used today are analysed in this paper. First, there is the designation of heritage landscapes through a long process of spatial planning. Second, there is a faster thematic approach of protecting particular landscape elements as monuments. Two different legal procedures are used with different aspects of public’s participation. Examples of their application so far were analysed as case studies. The Landscape Atlas in Flanders (2000) forms a basic inventory for the current landscape policy, which aims to be more integrated an cover most policy domains. A process was set up to designate selected anchor places from the Atlas, defining specific landscape quality objectives which should be used in the procedure of spatial planning to become managed as heritage landscapes. About 29 anchor places have been subject to the first phase of this procedure, which engages mainly policy makers and administrations to realise the objectives. In this phase participation consists mainly of external expert judgment and the input by different administrations that take care of sector interests. The analysis shows that the landscape quality objectives are defined by the responsible administration and aim at conservation of the existing landscape values and character. The input of the public remains mainly indirect and has little influence on the final formulation of the landscape quality objectives and the decision of designating. The direct influence of landscape policy ends when procedures of spatial planning take over in a second phase. Thus monitoring of the real developments in these heritage landscapes will be essential to evaluate if the landscape quality objectives are realized. The second case consists in the protection of special vegetation forms which are representative for particular cultural practices such as pollarding. Here objects are proposed as protected monuments which engage landowners to maintain them and the participation procedure is more direct. The analysis shows a large indifference by the authorities concerned and some negative responses by the landowners which are mainly based on misinformation

An interpretative journey into constructivism and primary science curriculum

The principle focus of this study has been a reflection on my planning methodology since 1988. Teachers planning from 19882002 was predominantly individual and was aided by the gradual introduction of State and Commonwealth produced documents. These documents assisted in topic choices and assessment outcomes.Important influences transformed my planning. The first occurred in 1996 and the second in 2002. In 1996 I was involved in the production of a resource kit for teachers titled, Its Working Career and Work Education, Kindergarten to Year 8. During the compilation of this resource kit my planning incorporated the 1995, Teaching and Learning in Science Planning Guide, which resembled constructivism by building knowledge and understanding. In 2002 the curriculum in Tasmanian State Schools was transformed with the introduction of the Essential Learnings Framework 1 and 2. This curriculum innovation had implications on teachers planning methodology with a strong emphasis on collaborative planning.Studies and critiques of environmental units were undertaken in 2000, 2003 and 2004 to ascertain the effectiveness of my planning methodology. The underlying principles of constructivism provided a lens to improve perceived deficiencies in my classroom practice. The inclusion of the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) assisted in making constructivism visible. A strong purpose therefore evolved from the study; a more effective planning methodology

Fast and efficient insolvency process as one of the preconditions of an outstanding business environment

To date, in the articles and publications on the insolvency process, the primary objective of the insolvency process was emphasized – to balance the protection of legal interests of entrepreneurs and their creditors. The author's article, focusing on the basic principles of the insolvency of legal entities, aims at analyzing and examining the link of applicable principles of insolvency processes to preconditions for outstanding business environment. Focus of the topic indirectly addresses the potential of the regions and human capital. Methods applied in the study: 1) general scientific – analytical, descriptive, inductive and deductive; 2) interpretation of legal norms – grammatical, systematic and teleological. Materials, used in the study are political planning documents, documents of international institutions, normative acts, scientific and law literature, and dictionaries. Issues covered in the study: impact of the insolvency proceedings on preconditions for outstanding business environment and the role of the human capital; potential of the regions. Authors, resulting from the study, made the following conclusions: reforms of the insolvency law sphere have formally reached the primary goals, set out in the government level documents, however linkage with higher-level policy planning documents has remained in the second plan during reform process.publishersversionPeer reviewe