43 research outputs found
Durability of Wearable Antennas Based on Nonwoven Conductive Fabrics: Experimental Study on Resistance to Washing and Ironing
Adhesive nonwoven conductive fabrics are appealing materials for fabricating fully textile antennas for wearable wireless systems. Wearable antennas should be flexible, lightweight, and mechanically resistant. Additionally, the antenna performance should be robust to activities related to daily use of garments, such as washing and ironing. Accordingly, in this work, the results of several washing tests performed on fully textile antennas fabricated by exploiting three different adhesive nonwoven conductive fabrics are reported
Wearable embroidered antenna design for body worn application
Wearable textile antenna is a technology for future body worn applications as a part of effort to enhance the quality of daily life. As a body worn antenna, the antenna should own a characteristics such as flexible, lightweight, small size and easily integrated onto body of human or animal. In this project, wearable textile dipole antenna with UTM logo shape was designed for body worn application. The antenna was operated under 3 GHz resonant frequency. Substrate used for this antenna is fleece fabric and the radiating element is covered by copper thread. This antenna is fabricated by using embroidery technique where the radiating element is integrated into substrate rather than attached to the substrate by glue or handsewn. The objectives of this project are to design and simulate wearable dipole antenna for body worn application, to fabricate wearable dipole antenna using embroidery technique and to compare the performance of embroidered dipole antenna with ShieldIT fabric dipole antenna, The design and simulation of the antenna is done by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. Fabrication of the antenna is done by embroidered UTM shape dipole antenna on fleece substrate by using computerized embroidery machine.The result showed that ShieldIT fabric dipole antenna had better performance than embroidered antenna in term of return loss and bandwidth
Design of UTeM logo-shape wearable antenna for communication application by graphene silver nanocomposites
Previously, the antenna conductive patch was made of copper, which was costly, susceptible to multi-fading, bulky, environmentally sensitive, and difficult to produce. Because of their exceptional electrical conductivity and superior strength to metal, while remaining versatile, the miracle
nanotechnology of graphene has made them a possible candidate to replace uncompromising copper metallic content. As a result, graphene is incorporated into conductive silver nanocomposites in this work. With the microstrip feeding technology, the suggested antenna design features a
logo-shaped made of graphene and silver patch on a textile substrate and radiates at 2.45 GHz frequency. The antenna’s total dimensions are 60×60×1.6 mm. The simulation results were generated using computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite program software, which improved antenna properties including far-fields, return loss, and voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR). Wearable antennas are promising and have a bright future, especially with the advent of wireless communication technologies, so this new design is essential for the materials revolution in advanced communication and IR4.0 applications, as well as wireless sensor applications
Recent advances of wearable antennas in materials, fabrication methods, designs, and their applications: state-of-the-art
The demand for wearable technologies has grown tremendously in recent years. Wearable antennas are used for various applications, in many cases within the context of wireless body area networks (WBAN). In WBAN, the presence of the human body poses a significant challenge to the wearable antennas. Specifically, such requirements are required to be considered on a priority basis in the wearable antennas, such as structural deformation, precision, and accuracy in fabrication methods and their size. Various researchers are active in this field and, accordingly, some significant progress has been achieved recently. This article attempts to critically review the wearable antennas especially in light of new materials and fabrication methods, and novel designs, such as miniaturized button antennas and miniaturized single and multi-band antennas, and their unique smart applications in WBAN. Finally, the conclusion has been drawn with respect to some future directions
Development of Textile Antennas for Energy Harvesting
The current socio-economic developments and lifestyle trends indicate an increasing
consumption of technological products and processes, powered by emergent concepts, such as
Internet of Things (IoT) and smart environments, where everything is connected in a single
network. For this reason, wearable technology has been addressed to make the person, mainly
through his clothes, able to communicate with and be part of this technological network.
Wireless communication systems are made up of several electronic components, which over
the years have been miniaturized and made more flexible, such as batteries, sensors, actuators,
data processing units, interconnectors and antennas. Turning these systems into wearable
systems is a demanding research subject. Specifically, the development of wearable antennas
has been challenging, because they are conventionally built on rigid substrates, hindering their
integration into the garment. That is why, considering the flexibility and the dielectric
properties of textile materials, making antennas in textile materials will allow expanding the
interaction of the user with some electronic devices, by interacting through the clothes. The
electronic devices may thus become less invasive and more discrete.
Textile antennas combine the traditional textile materials with new technologies. They emerge
as a potential interface of the human-technology-environment relationship. They are becoming
an active part in the wireless communication systems, aiming applications such as tracking and
navigation, mobile computing, health monitoring and others. Moreover, wearable antennas
have to be thin, lightweight, of easy maintenance, robust, and of low cost for mass production
and commercialization.
In this way, planar antennas, the microstrip patch type, have been proposed for garment
applications, because this type of antenna presents all these characteristics, and are also
adaptable to any surface. Such antennas are usually formed by assembling conductive (patch
and ground plane) and dielectric (substrate) layers. Furthermore, the microstrip patch
antennas, radiate perpendicularly to a ground plane, which shields the antenna radiation,
ensuring that the human body is exposed only to a very small fraction of the radiation.
To develop this type of antenna, the knowledge of the properties of textile materials is crucial
as well as the knowledge of the manufacturing techniques for connecting the layers with glue,
seam, adhesive sheets and others. Several properties of the materials influence the behaviour
of the antenna. For instance, the bandwidth and the efficiency of a planar antenna are mainly
determined by the permittivity and the thickness of the substrate. The use of textiles in
wearable antennas requires thus the characterization of their properties. Specific electrical
conductive textiles are available on the market and have been successfully used. Ordinary
textile fabrics have been used as substrates. In general, textiles present a very low dielectric constant, εr, that reduces the surface wave
losses and increases the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. However, textile materials are
constantly exchanging water molecules with the surroundings, which affects their
electromagnetic properties. In addition, textile fabrics are porous, anisotropic and
compressible materials whose thickness and density might change with low pressures.
Therefore, it is important to know how these characteristics influence the behaviour of the
antenna in order to minimize unwanted effects.
To explain some influences of the textile material on the performance of the wearable
antennas, this PhD Thesis starts presenting a survey of the key points for the design and
development of textile antennas, from the choice of the textile materials to the framing of the
antenna. An analysis of the textile materials that have been used is also presented. Further,
manufacturing techniques of the textile antennas are described.
The accurate characterization of textile materials to use as a dielectric substrate in wearable
systems is fundamental. However, little information can be found on the electromagnetic
properties of the regular textiles. Woven, knits and nonwovens are inhomogeneous, highly
porous, compressible and easily influenced by the environmental hygrometric conditions,
making their electromagnetic characterization difficult. Despite there are no standard
methods, several authors have been adapting techniques for the dielectric characterization of
textiles. This PhD Thesis focuses on the dielectric characterization of the textile materials,
surveying the resonant and non-resonant methods that have been proposed to characterize the
textile and leather materials. Also, this PhD Thesis summarizes the characterization of textile
materials made through these methods, which were validated by testing antennas that
performed well.
Further a Resonant-Based Experimental Technique is presented. This new method is based on
the theory of resonance-perturbation, extracting the permittivity and loss tangent values based
on the shifts caused by the introduction of a superstrate on the patch of a microstrip antenna.
The results obtained using this method have shown that when positioning the roughest face of
the material under test (MUT) in contact with the resonator board, the extracted dielectric
constant value is lower than the one extracted with this face positioned upside-down. Based
on this observation, superficial properties of textiles were investigated and their influence on
the performance of antennas was analysed.
Thus, this PhD Thesis relates the results of the dielectric characterization to some structural
parameters of textiles, such as surface roughness, superficial and bulk porosities. The results
show that both roughness and superficial porosity of the samples influence the measurements,
through the positioning of the probes. Further, the influence of the positioning of the dielectric
material on the performance of textile microstrip antennas was analysed. For this, twelve
prototypes of microstrip patch antennas were developed and tested. The results show that,
despite the differences obtained on the characterization when placing the face or reverse-sides of the MUT in contact with the resonator board, the obtained average result of εr is well suited
to design antennas ensuring a good performance.
According to the European Commission Report in 2009, “Internet of Things — An action plan for
Europe”, in the next years, the IoT will be able to improve the quality of life, especially in the
health monitoring field. In the Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) context, the integration
of textile antennas for energy harvesting into smart clothing is a particularly interesting
solution for a continuous wirelessly feed of the devices. Indeed, in the context of wearable
devices the replacement of batteries is not easy to practice. A specific goal of this PhD Thesis
is thus to describe the concept of the energy harvesting and then presents a survey of textile
antennas for RF energy harvesting. Further, a dual-band printed monopole textile antenna for
electromagnetic energy harvesting, operating at GSM 900 and DCS 1800 bands, is also proposed.
The antenna aims to harvest energy to feed sensor nodes of a wearable health monitoring
system. The gains of the antenna are around 1.8 dBi and 2.06 dBi allied with a radiation
efficiency of 82% and 77.6% for the lowest and highest frequency bands, respectively.
To understand and improve the performance of the proposed printed monopole textile antenna,
several manufacturing techniques are tested through preliminary tests, to identify promising
techniques and to discard inefficient ones, such as the gluing technique. Then, the influence
of several parameters of the manufacturing techniques on the performance of the antenna are
analysed, such as the use of steam during lamination, the type of adhesive sheet, the
orientation of the conductive elements and others. For this, seven prototypes of the printed
monopole textile antenna were manufactured by laminating and embroidering techniques.
The measurement of the electrical surface resistance, Rs, has shown that the presence of the
adhesive sheet used on the laminating process may reduce the conductivity of the conductive
materials. Despite that, when measuring the return loss of printed monopole antennas
produced by lamination, the results show the antennas have a good performance. The results
also show that the orientation of the conductive fabric does not influence the performance of
the antennas. However, when testing embroidered antennas, the results show that the
direction and number of the stitches in the embroidery may influence the performance of the
antenna and should thus be considered during manufacturing.
The textile antennas perform well and their results support and give rise to the new concept
of a continuous substrate to improve the integration of textile antennas into clothing, in a more
comfortable and pleasure way. A demonstrating prototype, the E-Caption: Smart and
Sustainable Coat, is thus presented. In this prototype of smart coat, the printed antenna is fully
integrated, as its dielectric is the textile material composing the coat itself. The E-Caption
illustrates the innovative concept of textile antennas that can be manipulated as simple
emblems. The results obtained testing the antenna before and after its integration into cloth,
show that the integration does not affect the behaviour of the antenna. Even on the presence
of the human body the antenna is able to cover the proposed resonance frequencies (GSM 900
and DCS 1800 bands) with the radiation pattern still being omnidirectional. At last, the exponential growth in the wearable market boost the industrialization process of
manufacturing textile antennas. As this research shows, the patch of the antennas can be easily
and efficiently cut, embroidered or screen printed by industrial machines. However, the
conception of a good industrial substrate that meets all the mechanical and electromagnetic
requirements of textile antennas is still a challenge. Following the continuous substrate
concept presented and demonstrated through the E-Caption, a new concept is proposed: the
continuous Substrate Integrating the Ground Plane (SIGP). The SIGP is a novel textile material
that integrates the dielectric substrate and the conductive ground plane in a single material,
eliminating one laminating process. Three SIGP, that are weft knitted spacer fabrics having one
conductive face, were developed in partnership with the Borgstena Textile Portugal Lda,
creating synergy between research in the academy and industry. The results of testing the
performance of the SIGP materials show that the integration of the ground plane on the
substrate changes the dielectric constant of the material, as a consequence of varying the
thickness. Despite this, after the accurate dielectric and electrical characterization, the SIGP
I material has shown a good performance as dielectric substrate of a microstrip patch antenna
for RF energy harvesting. This result is very promising for boosting the industrial fabrication of
microstrip patch textile antennas and their mass production and dissemination into the IoT
network, guiding future developments of smart clothing and wearables.Os atuais desenvolvimentos socioeconómicos e tendências de estilo de vida apontam para um
crescimento do consumo de produtos e processos tecnológicos, impulsionado por conceitos
emergentes como a Internet das Coisas, onde tudo tudo está conectado em uma única rede.
Por esta razão, as tecnologias usáveis (wearable) estão a afirmar-se propondo soluções que
tornam o utilizador possivelmente através das suas roupas, capaz de comunicar com e fazer
parte desta rede.
Os sistemas de comunicações sem fios são constituídos por diversos componentes eletrónicos,
que com o passar dos anos foram sendo miniaturizados e fabricados em materiais flexíveis, tais
como as baterias, os sensores, as unidades de processamento de dados, as interconexões e as
antenas. Tornar os sistemas de comunicações sem fios em sistemas usáveis requer trabalho de
investigação exigente. Nomeadamente, o desenvolvimento de antenas usáveis tem sido um
desafio, devido às antenas serem tradicionalmente desenvolvidas em substratos rígidos, que
dificultam a sua integração no vestuário. Dessa forma, considerando a flexibilidade e as
propriedades dielétricas dos materiais têxteis, as antenas têxteis trazem a promessa de
permitir a interacção dos utilizadores com os dispositivos eletrónicos através da roupa,
tornando os dispositivos menos invasivos e mais discretos.
As antenas têxteis combinam os materiais têxteis tradicionais com novas tecnologias e emergem
assim como uma potencial interface de fronteira entre seres humanos-tecnologias-ambientes.
Expandindo assim a interação entre o utilizador e os dispositivos eletrónicos ao recurso do
vestuário. Assim, através das antenas têxteis, o vestuário torna-se uma parte ativa nos sistemas
de comunicação sem fios, visando aplicações como rastreamento e navegação, computação
móvel, monitorização de saúde, entre outros. Para isto, as antenas para vestir devem ser finas,
leves, de fácil manutenção, robustas e de baixo custo para produção em massa e
comercialização.
Desta forma, as antenas planares do tipo patch microstrip têm sido propostas para aplicações
em vestuário, pois apresentam todas estas características e também são adaptáveis a qualquer
superfície. Estas antenas são geralmente formadas pela sobreposição de camadas condutoras
(elemento radiante e plano de massa) e dielétricas (substrato). Além disso, as antenas patch
microstrip irradiam perpendicularmente ao plano de massa, que bloqueia a radiação da antena,
garantindo que o corpo humano é exposto apenas a uma fração muito pequena da radiação.
Para desenvolver este tipo de antena, é crucial conhecer as propriedades dos materiais têxteis,
bem como as técnicas de fabricação para conectar as camadas, com cola, costuras, folhas
adesivas, entre outros. Diversas propriedades dos materiais influenciam o comportamento da
antena. Por exemplo, a permitividade e a espessura do substrato determinam a largura de banda e a eficiência de uma antena planar. O uso de têxteis em antenas usáveis requer assim
uma caracterização precisa das suas propriedades. Os têxteis condutores elétricos são materiais
específicos que estão disponíveis comercialmente em diversas formas e têm sido utilizados com
sucesso para fabricar o elemento radiante e o plano de massa das antenas. Para fabricar o
substrato dielétrico têm sido utilizados materiais têxteis convencionais.
Geralmente, os materiais têxteis apresentam uma constante dielétrica (εr) muito baixa, o que
reduz as perdas de ondas superficiais e aumenta a largura de banda da antena. No entanto, os
materiais têxteis estão constantemente a trocar moléculas de água com o ambiente em que
estão inseridos, o que afeta as suas propriedades eletromagnéticas. Além disso, os tecidos e os
outros materiais têxteis planares são materiais porosos, anisotrópicos e compressíveis, cuja
espessura e densidade variam sob muito baixas pressões. Portanto, é importante saber como
estas grandezas e características estruturais influenciam o comportamento da antena, de forma
a minimizar os efeitos indesejáveis.
Para explicar algumas das influências do material têxtil no desempenho das antenas usáveis,
esta Tese de Doutoramento começa por fazer o estado da arte sobre os pontos-chave para o
desenvolvimento de antenas têxteis, desde a escolha dos materiais têxteis até ao processo de
fabrico da antena. Além disso, a tese identifica e apresenta uma análise dos materiais têxteis
e técnicas de fabricação que têm sido utilizados e referidos na literatura.
A caracterização rigorosa dos materiais têxteis para usar como substrato dielétrico em sistemas
usáveis é fundamental. No entanto, pouca informação existe sobre a caracterização das
propriedades eletromagnéticas dos têxteis vulgares. Como já referido, os tecidos, malhas e
não-tecidos são materiais heterogéneos, altamente porosos, compressíveis e facilmente
influenciados pelas condições higrométricas ambientais, dificultando a sua caracterização
eletromagnética. Não havendo nenhum método padrão, vários autores têm vindo a adaptar
algumas técnicas para a caracterização dielétrica dos materiais têxteis. Esta Tese de
Doutoramento foca a caracterização dielétrica dos materiais têxteis, revendo os métodos
ressonantes e não ressonantes que foram propostos para caracterizar os materiais têxteis e o
couro. Além disso, esta Tese de Doutoramento resume a caracterização de dieléctricos têxteis
feita através dos métodos revistos e que foi validada testando antenas que apresentaram um
bom desempenho.
No seguimento da revisão, apresenta-se uma Técnica Experimental Baseada em Ressonância.
Esta nova técnica baseia-se na teoria da perturbação de ressonância, sendo a permitividade e
tangente de perda extraídas com base nas mudanças de frequência causadas pela introdução
de um superstrato no elemento radiante de uma antena patch microstrip. Os resultados de
caracterização obtidos através deste método revelam que, ao posicionar a face mais rugosa do
material em teste em contato com a placa de ressonância, o valor da constante dielétrica
extraída é inferior ao valor extraído quando esta face é colocada ao contrário. Com base nesta
observação, as propriedades estruturais da superfície dos materiais têxteis foram investigadas
e a sua influência no desempenho das antenas foi analisada. Assim, esta Tese de Doutoramento relaciona os resultados da caracterização dielétrica com
alguns parâmetros estruturais dos materiais, como rugosidade da superfície, porosidades
superficial e total. Os resultados mostram que tanto a rugosidade como a porosidade superficial
das amostras influenciam os resultados, que dependem assim do posicionamento do material
que está a ser testado. Também foi analisada a influência do posicionamento do material
dielétrico na performance das antenas têxteis tipo patch microstrip. Para isso, foram
desenvolvidos e testados doze protótipos de antenas patch microstrip. Os resultados mostram
que, apesar das diferenças observadas durante o processo de caracterização, o valor médio da
permitividade é adequado para a modelação das antenas, garantindo um bom desempenho.
De acordo com o relatório da Comissão Europeia, “Internet das Coisas - Um plano de ação para
a Europa”, emitido em 2009, nos próximos anos a Internet das Coisas poderá melhorar a
qualidade de vida das pessoas, nomeadamente pela monitorização da saúde. No contexto das
Redes de Sensores Sem Fios do Corpo Humano, a integração de antenas têxteis para recolha de
energia em roupas inteligentes é uma solução particularmente interessante, pois permite uma
alimentação sem fios e contínua dos dispositivos. De fato, nos dispositivos usáveis a substituição
de baterias não é fácil de praticar. Um dos objetivos específicos desta Tese de Doutoramento
é, portanto, descrever o conceito de recolha de energia e apresentar o estado da arte sobre
antenas têxteis para recolha de energia proveniente da Rádio Frequência (RF). Nesta tese, é
também proposta uma antena impressa do tipo monopolo de dupla banda, fabricada em
substrato têxtil, para recolha de energia eletromagnética, operando nas bandas GSM 900 e DCS
1800. A antena visa recolher energia para alimentar os nós de sensores de um sistema usável
para monitorização da saúde. Os ganhos da antena apresentada foram cerca de 1.8 dBi e 2.06
dBi, aliados a uma eficiência de radiação de 82% e 77.6% para as faixas de frequência mais
baixa e alta, respetivamente.
Para entender e melhorar o desempenho da antena impressa tipo monopolo de dupla banda em
substrato têxtil, várias técnicas de fabrico foram testadas através de testes preliminares, de
forma a identificar as técnicas promissoras e a descartar as ineficientes, como é o caso da
técnica de colagem. De seguida, analisou-se a influência de vários parâmetros das técnicas de
fabrico sobre o desempenho da antena, como o uso de vapor durante a laminação, o tipo de
folha adesiva, a orientação dos elementos irradiantes e outros. Para isto, sete protótipos da
antena têxtil monopolar impressa foram fabricados por técnicas de laminação e bordado.
As medições da resistência elétrica superficial, Rs, mostrou que a presença da folha adesiva
usada no processo de laminagem pode reduzir a condutividade dos materiais condutores. Apesar
disso, ao medir o S11 das antenas impressas tipo monopolo produzidas por laminagem, os
resultados mostram que as antenas têm uma boa adaptação da impedância. Os resultados
também mostram que a orientação do tecido condutor, neste caso um tafetá, não influencia o
desempenho das antenas. No entanto, ao testar antenas bordadas, os resultados mostram que
a direção e o número de pontos no bordado podem influenciar o desempenho da antena e,
portanto, estas são características que devem ser consideradas durante a fabricação. De um modo geral, as antenas têxteis funcionam bem e seus resultados suportam e dão origem
ao um novo conceito de substrato contínuo para melhorar a integração de antenas têxteis no
vestuário, de maneira mais confortável e elegante. A tese apresenta um protótipo
demonstrador deste conceito, o E-Caption: A Smart and Sustainable Coat. Neste protótipo de
casaco inteligente, a antena impressa está totalmente integrada, pois o seu substrato dielétrico
é o próprio mat
Real-time signal detection and classification algorithms for body-centered systems
El principal motivo por el cual los sistemas de comunicación en el entrono corporal se desean con el objetivo de poder obtener y procesar señales biométricas para monitorizar e incluso tratar una condición médica sea ésta causada por una enfermedad o el rendimiento de un atleta. Dado que la base de estos sistemas está en la sensorización y el procesado, los algoritmos de procesado de señal son una parte fundamental de los mismos. Esta tesis se centra en los algoritmos de tratamiento de señales en tiempo real que se utilizan tanto para monitorizar los parámetros como para obtener la información que resulta relevante de las señales obtenidas. En la primera parte se introduce los tipos de señales y sensores en los sistemas en el entrono corporal. A continuación se desarrollan dos aplicaciones concretas de los sistemas en el entorno corporal así como los algoritmos que en las mismas se utilizan.
La primera aplicación es el control de glucosa en sangre en pacientes con diabetes. En esta parte se desarrolla un método de detección mediante clasificación de patronones de medidas erróneas obtenidas con el monitor contínuo comercial "Minimed CGMS".
La segunda aplicacióin consiste en la monitorizacióni de señales neuronales. Descubrimientos recientes en este campo han demostrado enormes posibilidades terapéuticas (por ejemplo, pacientes con parálisis total que son capaces de comunicarse con el entrono gracias a la monitorizacióin e interpretación de señales provenientes de sus neuronas) y también de entretenimiento. En este trabajo, se han desarrollado algoritmos de detección, clasificación y compresión de impulsos neuronales y dichos algoritmos han sido evaluados junto con técnicas de transmisión inalámbricas que posibiliten una monitorización sin cables.
Por último, se dedica un capítulo a la transmisión inalámbrica de señales en los sistemas en el entorno corporal. En esta parte se estudia las condiciones del canal que presenta el entorno corporal para la transmisión de sTraver Sebastiá, L. (2012). Real-time signal detection and classification algorithms for body-centered systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16188Palanci
Analysis and Design of Footwear Antennas
Wearable technologies are found in an increasing number of applications including sport and medical monitoring, gaming and consumer electronics. Sensors are used to monitor vital signs and are located on various parts of the body. Footwear sensors permit the collection of data relating to gait, running style, physiotherapy and research. The data is sent from sensors to on-body hubs, often using wired technology, which can impact gait characteristics. This thesis describes the design of footwear antennas for wireless sensor telemetry. The work addresses the challenges of placing antennas close to the foot as well as the proximity to the ground. Guidelines for polarization are presented. The channel link between footwear and wrist is investigated for both narrowband and wideband channels across different frequencies. The effects of the body proximity and movement were gauged for walking subjects and are described in terms of the Rician Distribution K-factor. Different antenna solutions are presented including UWB antennas on various footwear locations as well as 433 MHz integrated antennas in the insole. Both directional and omnidirectional antennas were considered for UWB and the evaluation was for both time-domain and frequencydomain. The research established new ideas that challenge the old paradigm of the waist as the best hub position, demonstrating that a hub on the footwear using directional antennas outperforms a hub on the waist using an omnidirectional antenna. The cumulative distribution functions of measured path gains are evaluated and the results are described in terms of the achievable minimum data rate considering the Body Area Network standard
mHealth Engineering: A Technology Review
In this paper, we review the technological bases of mobile health (mHealth). First, we derive a component-based mHealth architecture prototype from an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)-based multistage research and filter process. Second, we analyze medical databases with regard to these prototypic mhealth system components.. We show the current state of research literature concerning portable devices with standard and additional equipment, data transmission technology, interface, operating systems and software embedment, internal and external memory, and power-supply issues. We also focus on synergy effects by combining different mHealth technologies (e.g., BT-LE combined with RFID link technology). Finally, we also make suggestions for future improvements in mHealth technology (e.g., data-protection issues, energy supply, data processing and storage)
Intelligent Circuits and Systems
ICICS-2020 is the third conference initiated by the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University that explored recent innovations of researchers working for the development of smart and green technologies in the fields of Energy, Electronics, Communications, Computers, and Control. ICICS provides innovators to identify new opportunities for the social and economic benefits of society. This conference bridges the gap between academics and R&D institutions, social visionaries, and experts from all strata of society to present their ongoing research activities and foster research relations between them. It provides opportunities for the exchange of new ideas, applications, and experiences in the field of smart technologies and finding global partners for future collaboration. The ICICS-2020 was conducted in two broad categories, Intelligent Circuits & Intelligent Systems and Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering