6 research outputs found

    Biomedical Named Entity Recognition: A Review

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    Biomedical Named Entity Recognition (BNER) is the task of identifying biomedical instances such as chemical compounds, genes, proteins, viruses, disorders, DNAs and RNAs. The key challenge behind BNER lies on the methods that would be used for extracting such entities. Most of the methods used for BNER were relying on Supervised Machine Learning (SML) techniques. In SML techniques, the features play an essential role in terms of improving the effectiveness of the recognition process. Features can be identified as a set of discriminating and distinguishing characteristics that have the ability to indicate the occurrence of an entity. In this manner, the features should be able to generalize which means to discriminate the entities correctly even on new and unseen samples. Several studies have tackled the role of feature in terms of identifying named entities. However, with the surge of biomedical researches, there is a vital demand to explore biomedical features. This paper aims to accommodate a review study on the features that could be used for BNER in which various types of features will be examined including morphological features, dictionary-based features, lexical features and distance-based features

    Optimising chemical named entity recognition with pre-processing analytics, knowledge-rich features and heuristics

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    BACKGROUND: The development of robust methods for chemical named entity recognition, a challenging natural language processing task, was previously hindered by the lack of publicly available, large-scale, gold standard corpora. The recent public release of a large chemical entity-annotated corpus as a resource for the CHEMDNER track of the Fourth BioCreative Challenge Evaluation (BioCreative IV) workshop greatly alleviated this problem and allowed us to develop a conditional random fields-based chemical entity recogniser. In order to optimise its performance, we introduced customisations in various aspects of our solution. These include the selection of specialised pre-processing analytics, the incorporation of chemistry knowledge-rich features in the training and application of the statistical model, and the addition of post-processing rules. RESULTS: Our evaluation shows that optimal performance is obtained when our customisations are integrated into the chemical entity recogniser. When its performance is compared with that of state-of-the-art methods, under comparable experimental settings, our solution achieves competitive advantage. We also show that our recogniser that uses a model trained on the CHEMDNER corpus is suitable for recognising names in a wide range of corpora, consistently outperforming two popular chemical NER tools. CONCLUSION: The contributions resulting from this work are two-fold. Firstly, we present the details of a chemical entity recognition methodology that has demonstrated performance at a competitive, if not superior, level as that of state-of-the-art methods. Secondly, the developed suite of solutions has been made publicly available as a configurable workflow in the interoperable text mining workbench Argo. This allows interested users to conveniently apply and evaluate our solutions in the context of other chemical text mining tasks

    Knowledge-driven entity recognition and disambiguation in biomedical text

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    Entity recognition and disambiguation (ERD) for the biomedical domain are notoriously difficult problems due to the variety of entities and their often long names in many variations. Existing works focus heavily on the molecular level in two ways. First, they target scientific literature as the input text genre. Second, they target single, highly specialized entity types such as chemicals, genes, and proteins. However, a wealth of biomedical information is also buried in the vast universe of Web content. In order to fully utilize all the information available, there is a need to tap into Web content as an additional input. Moreover, there is a need to cater for other entity types such as symptoms and risk factors since Web content focuses on consumer health. The goal of this thesis is to investigate ERD methods that are applicable to all entity types in scientific literature as well as Web content. In addition, we focus on under-explored aspects of the biomedical ERD problems -- scalability, long noun phrases, and out-of-knowledge base (OOKB) entities. This thesis makes four main contributions, all of which leverage knowledge in UMLS (Unified Medical Language System), the largest and most authoritative knowledge base (KB) of the biomedical domain. The first contribution is a fast dictionary lookup method for entity recognition that maximizes throughput while balancing the loss of precision and recall. The second contribution is a semantic type classification method targeting common words in long noun phrases. We develop a custom set of semantic types to capture word usages; besides biomedical usage, these types also cope with non-biomedical usage and the case of generic, non-informative usage. The third contribution is a fast heuristics method for entity disambiguation in MEDLINE abstracts, again maximizing throughput but this time maintaining accuracy. The fourth contribution is a corpus-driven entity disambiguation method that addresses OOKB entities. The method first captures the entities expressed in a corpus as latent representations that comprise in-KB and OOKB entities alike before performing entity disambiguation.Die Erkennung und Disambiguierung von EntitĂ€ten fĂŒr den biomedizinischen Bereich stellen, wegen der vielfĂ€ltigen Arten von biomedizinischen EntitĂ€ten sowie deren oft langen und variantenreichen Namen, große Herausforderungen dar. Vorhergehende Arbeiten konzentrieren sich in zweierlei Hinsicht fast ausschließlich auf molekulare EntitĂ€ten. Erstens fokussieren sie sich auf wissenschaftliche Publikationen als Genre der Eingabetexte. Zweitens fokussieren sie sich auf einzelne, sehr spezialisierte EntitĂ€tstypen wie Chemikalien, Gene und Proteine. Allerdings bietet das Internet neben diesen Quellen eine Vielzahl an Inhalten biomedizinischen Wissens, das vernachlĂ€ssigt wird. Um alle verfĂŒgbaren Informationen auszunutzen besteht der Bedarf weitere Internet-Inhalte als zusĂ€tzliche Quellen zu erschließen. Außerdem ist es auch erforderlich andere EntitĂ€tstypen wie Symptome und Risikofaktoren in Betracht zu ziehen, da diese fĂŒr zahlreiche Inhalte im Internet, wie zum Beispiel Verbraucherinformationen im Gesundheitssektor, relevant sind. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, Methoden zur Erkennung und Disambiguierung von EntitĂ€ten zu erforschen, die alle EntitĂ€tstypen in Betracht ziehen und sowohl auf wissenschaftliche Publikationen als auch auf andere Internet-Inhalte anwendbar sind. DarĂŒber hinaus setzen wir Schwerpunkte auf oft vernachlĂ€ssigte Aspekte der biomedizinischen Erkennung und Disambiguierung von EntitĂ€ten, nĂ€mlich Skalierbarkeit, lange Nominalphrasen und fehlende EntitĂ€ten in einer Wissensbank. In dieser Hinsicht leistet diese Dissertation vier HauptbeitrĂ€ge, denen allen das Wissen von UMLS (Unified Medical Language System), der grĂ¶ĂŸten und wichtigsten Wissensbank im biomedizinischen Bereich, zu Grunde liegt. Der erste Beitrag ist eine schnelle Methode zur Erkennung von EntitĂ€ten mittels Lexikonabgleich, welche den Durchsatz maximiert und gleichzeitig den Verlust in Genauigkeit und Trefferquote (precision and recall) balanciert. Der zweite Beitrag ist eine Methode zur Klassifizierung der semantischen Typen von Nomen, die sich auf gebrĂ€uchliche Nomen von langen Nominalphrasen richtet und auf einer selbstentwickelten Sammlung von semantischen Typen beruht, die die Verwendung der Nomen erfasst. Neben biomedizinischen können diese Typen auch nicht-biomedizinische und allgemeine, informationsarme Verwendungen behandeln. Der dritte Beitrag ist eine schnelle Heuristikmethode zur Disambiguierung von EntitĂ€ten in MEDLINE Kurzfassungen, welche den Durchsatz maximiert, aber auch die Genauigkeit erhĂ€lt. Der vierte Beitrag ist eine korpusgetriebene Methode zur Disambiguierung von EntitĂ€ten, die speziell fehlende EntitĂ€ten in einer Wissensbank behandelt. Die Methode wandelt erst die EntitĂ€ten, die in einem Textkorpus ausgedrĂŒckt aber nicht notwendigerweise in einer Wissensbank sind, in latente Darstellungen um und fĂŒhrt anschließend die Disambiguierung durch
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