History of use and trade of agarwood

Aromatics originating from the resin-infused infected wood of the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera have distinct and valued fragrances. Resin formation occurs as a response to internal injury and/or infections in the stems of the agarwood tree. The incenses and perfumes that are produced from agarwood have been valued for centuries and used by many cultures for spiritual, opulent, and aphrodisiac purposes. Agarwood is highly revered in the seminal texts of Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. As early as 1400 B.C.E., agarwood was described as a fragrant product in Sanskrit texts, and in 65 B.C.E., Dioscorides detailed several medical applications for agarwood. Knowledge of human-induced agarwood formation was recorded in China as early as 300 C.E., where it was known that cutting into a tree would lead to a color change in its internal tissues within a year of the injury as a consequence of resin development. There is historical evidence of international trade in agarwood between the producing (tropical southeastern Asia) and consuming (Middle East, India, China, and Japan) regions of the world. Agarwood has been consumed primarily as incense with the burning of wood chips directly or as an important ingredient for powdered incense blends. The aromatic qualities of agarwood are influenced by the species and variety of the two genera, geographic location, its branch, trunk and root origin, length of time since infection, and methods of harvesting and processing. The subtle but numerous variations in agarwood properties led to the development of systems for product classification and description in several consumer countries. This paper reviews the uses and trade of agarwood and its social, political, and economic significance in human history

Verifiability and Veracity of Evidence at the South Dakota State High School Debate Tournament

The purpose of this study is to determine the veracity and verifiability of evidence cited or alluded to in the 1980 South Dakota State High School Championship Debate Tournament More specifically, this study represents an attempt to find answers to the following questions: 1. Can the researcher identify the specific sources of and allusions to evidence as presented? 2. How complete is the oral documentation for each of the identified citations or allusions to evidence? 3. How accurate is the documentation for each of the citations and/or allusions? 4. How accurate is the reported content of each of the citations and allusions in those instances where documentation is complete? Gerald H. Sanders, the Director of Forensics. at Wooster College, has noted that the research demands of current competitive debate are much greater than they Were twenty years ago. With this increased proliferation of the use of evidence, questions have arisen concerning the veracity of evidence. Throughout nine years of personal experience in competitive debate both as a competitor and as a judge, allegations of the misuse of evidence have been witnessed. Douglas Ehninger and Wayne Brockriede have addressed this misuse of evidence. They wrote that Deliberate falisification not only violates the principles of critical deliberation but constitutes dishonesty of the worst sort.” They have indicated that the implications for the debater using such evidence are that the discovery of misused evidence … casts suspicion... on the integrity of the debater.” This study is designed to analyze the pervasiveness of this practice within a selected sample. In 1964, William R. Dresser conducted a study which viewed evidence practices in collegiate debate. James Benson later conducted a similar study dealing with Collegiate debate. This current study differs from both Dresser\u27s and Benson’s studies in that (1) it is an evaluation of the practices of high school debate and (2) it covers an event which occurred at a later date. Therefore, no possible duplication exists. The current study is intended to provide insights. Concerning the present practices in the use of evidence in South Dakota High School debate. By noting the verifiability and veracity of quoted material or implied evidence, coaches and students alike may become more 4ware of the ethical and utilitarian considerations in the use of evidence. The following procedures were undertaken in an attempt to answer the questions raised under the statement of purpose. 1. A specific review of literature related to this particular study was judged inappropriate due to the nature of the inquiry. At the outset, the project involved viewing an event that had yet to take place, therefore excluding the possibility of prior research identical to the present inquiry. However, research may have been conducted dealing with similar events. Therefore, the following guides were surveyed to determine if any related studies had been completed. The study was conducted at the South Dakota High School Championship Debate Tournament held in Huron, South Dakota, on February 29 and March 1, 1980. Permission was granted to conduct the study by Ralph Wilkinson, Assistant Executive Secretary of the South Dakota High School Activities Association

Modes of Philology in Medieval South India

In Modes of Philology in Medieval South India, Whitney Cox rethinks the textual practices of a diverse collection of scholars and poets writing in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Prakrit in far southern India between the 11th and the 14th centuries CE. Readership: Scholars and post-graduate students in any of the following fields: medieval Indian history; Sanskrit and Tamil studies; the history Indian religions, especially the Tantric traditions; historians of philology

Posthumanism and Deconstructing Arguments

Posthumanism and Deconstructing Arguments: Corpora and Digitally-driven Critical Analysis presents a new and practical approach in Critical Discourse Studies. Providing a data-driven and ethically-based method for the examination of arguments in the public sphere, this ground-breaking book: Highlights how the reader can evaluate arguments from points of view other than their own; Demonstrates how digital tools can be used to generate ‘ethical subjectivities’ from large numbers of dissenting voices on the world-wide-web; Draws on ideas from posthumanist philosophy as well as from Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari for theorising these subjectivities; Showcases a critical deconstructive approach, using different corpus linguistic programs such as AntConc, WMatrix and Sketchengine. Posthumanism and Deconstructing Arguments is essential reading for lecturers and researchers with an interest in critical discourse studies, critical thinking, corpus linguistics and digital humanities

Posthumanism and Deconstructing Arguments

Posthumanism and Deconstructing Arguments: Corpora and Digitally-driven Critical Analysis presents a new and practical approach in Critical Discourse Studies. Providing a data-driven and ethically-based method for the examination of arguments in the public sphere, this ground-breaking book: Highlights how the reader can evaluate arguments from points of view other than their own; Demonstrates how digital tools can be used to generate ‘ethical subjectivities’ from large numbers of dissenting voices on the world-wide-web; Draws on ideas from posthumanist philosophy as well as from Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari for theorising these subjectivities; Showcases a critical deconstructive approach, using different corpus linguistic programs such as AntConc, WMatrix and Sketchengine. Posthumanism and Deconstructing Arguments is essential reading for lecturers and researchers with an interest in critical discourse studies, critical thinking, corpus linguistics and digital humanities

Part-time cooperative retail-selling programs in the secondary schools in Massachusetts

This item was digitized by the Internet Archive. Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit