A Mammogram And Breast Ultrasound-Based Expert System With Image Processing Features For Breast Diseases [ RC280.B8 U51 2007 f rb ].

Barah payu dara adalah penyakit yang paling banyak meragut nyawa kaum hawa. Kadar sembuh dari penyakit ini boleh ditingkaykan jika ia dapat dikesan secara awal. Pengesahan awal penyakit ini dapat dilakukan melalui ujian mamografi yang terbukti keberkesanannya. Survival rates for breast cancer patients may be increased when the disease is detected in its earliest stage through mammography. A thorough assessment during breast screening would also include clinical, physical examination and ultrasound. The implementation of mass screening would result in increased caseloads for radiologists which would incur chances of improper diagnosis

Advanced Knowledge Technologies at the Midterm: Tools and Methods for the Semantic Web

The University of Edinburgh and research sponsors are authorised to reproduce and distribute reprints and on-line copies for their purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation hereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are the author’s and shouldn’t be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of other parties.In a celebrated essay on the new electronic media, Marshall McLuhan wrote in 1962:Our private senses are not closed systems but are endlessly translated into each other in that experience which we call consciousness. Our extended senses, tools, technologies, through the ages, have been closed systems incapable of interplay or collective awareness. Now, in the electric age, the very instantaneous nature of co-existence among our technological instruments has created a crisis quite new in human history. Our extended faculties and senses now constitute a single field of experience which demands that they become collectively conscious. Our technologies, like our private senses, now demand an interplay and ratio that makes rational co-existence possible. As long as our technologies were as slow as the wheel or the alphabet or money, the fact that they were separate, closed systems was socially and psychically supportable. This is not true now when sight and sound and movement are simultaneous and global in extent. (McLuhan 1962, p.5, emphasis in original)Over forty years later, the seamless interplay that McLuhan demanded between our technologies is still barely visible. McLuhan’s predictions of the spread, and increased importance, of electronic media have of course been borne out, and the worlds of business, science and knowledge storage and transfer have been revolutionised. Yet the integration of electronic systems as open systems remains in its infancy.Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT) aims to address this problem, to create a view of knowledge and its management across its lifecycle, to research and create the services and technologies that such unification will require. Half way through its sixyear span, the results are beginning to come through, and this paper will explore some of the services, technologies and methodologies that have been developed. We hope to give a sense in this paper of the potential for the next three years, to discuss the insights and lessons learnt in the first phase of the project, to articulate the challenges and issues that remain.The WWW provided the original context that made the AKT approach to knowledge management (KM) possible. AKT was initially proposed in 1999, it brought together an interdisciplinary consortium with the technological breadth and complementarity to create the conditions for a unified approach to knowledge across its lifecycle. The combination of this expertise, and the time and space afforded the consortium by the IRC structure, suggested the opportunity for a concerted effort to develop an approach to advanced knowledge technologies, based on the WWW as a basic infrastructure.The technological context of AKT altered for the better in the short period between the development of the proposal and the beginning of the project itself with the development of the semantic web (SW), which foresaw much more intelligent manipulation and querying of knowledge. The opportunities that the SW provided for e.g., more intelligent retrieval, put AKT in the centre of information technology innovation and knowledge management services; the AKT skill set would clearly be central for the exploitation of those opportunities.The SW, as an extension of the WWW, provides an interesting set of constraints to the knowledge management services AKT tries to provide. As a medium for the semantically-informed coordination of information, it has suggested a number of ways in which the objectives of AKT can be achieved, most obviously through the provision of knowledge management services delivered over the web as opposed to the creation and provision of technologies to manage knowledge.AKT is working on the assumption that many web services will be developed and provided for users. The KM problem in the near future will be one of deciding which services are needed and of coordinating them. Many of these services will be largely or entirely legacies of the WWW, and so the capabilities of the services will vary. As well as providing useful KM services in their own right, AKT will be aiming to exploit this opportunity, by reasoning over services, brokering between them, and providing essential meta-services for SW knowledge service management.Ontologies will be a crucial tool for the SW. The AKT consortium brings a lot of expertise on ontologies together, and ontologies were always going to be a key part of the strategy. All kinds of knowledge sharing and transfer activities will be mediated by ontologies, and ontology management will be an important enabling task. Different applications will need to cope with inconsistent ontologies, or with the problems that will follow the automatic creation of ontologies (e.g. merging of pre-existing ontologies to create a third). Ontology mapping, and the elimination of conflicts of reference, will be important tasks. All of these issues are discussed along with our proposed technologies.Similarly, specifications of tasks will be used for the deployment of knowledge services over the SW, but in general it cannot be expected that in the medium term there will be standards for task (or service) specifications. The brokering metaservices that are envisaged will have to deal with this heterogeneity.The emerging picture of the SW is one of great opportunity but it will not be a wellordered, certain or consistent environment. It will comprise many repositories of legacy data, outdated and inconsistent stores, and requirements for common understandings across divergent formalisms. There is clearly a role for standards to play to bring much of this context together; AKT is playing a significant role in these efforts. But standards take time to emerge, they take political power to enforce, and they have been known to stifle innovation (in the short term). AKT is keen to understand the balance between principled inference and statistical processing of web content. Logical inference on the Web is tough. Complex queries using traditional AI inference methods bring most distributed computer systems to their knees. Do we set up semantically well-behaved areas of the Web? Is any part of the Web in which semantic hygiene prevails interesting enough to reason in? These and many other questions need to be addressed if we are to provide effective knowledge technologies for our content on the web

A model-driven privacy compliance decision support for medical data sharing in Europe

Objectives: Clinical practitioners and medical researchers often have to share health data with other colleagues across Europe. Privacy compliance in this context is very important but challenging. Automated privacy guidelines are a practical way of increasing users' awareness of privacy obligations and help eliminating unintentional breaches of privacy. In this paper we present an ontology-plus-rules based approach to privacy decision support for the sharing of patient data across European platforms. Methods: We use ontologies to model the required domain and context information about data sharing and privacy requirements. In addition, we use a set of Semantic Web Rule Language rules to reason about legal privacy requirements that are applicable to a specific context of data disclosure. We make the complete set invocable through the use of a semantic web application acting as an interactive privacy guideline system can then invoke the full model in order to provide decision support. Results: When asked, the system will generate privacy reports applicable to a specific case of data disclosure described by the user. Also reports showing guidelines per Member State may be obtained. Conclusion: The advantage of this approach lies in the expressiveness and extensibility of the modelling and inference languages adopted and the ability they confer to reason with complex requirements interpreted from high level regulations. However, the system cannot at this stage fully simulate the role of an ethics committee or review board. © Schattauer 2011

Breast cancer disease classification using fuzzy-ID3 algorithm based on association function

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among female cancer patients worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer is considerd as one of the most effective ways to prevent the disease from spreading and enable human can make correct decision on the next process. Automatic diagnostic methods were frequently used to conduct breast cancer diagnoses in order to increase the accuracy and speed of detection. The fuzzy-ID3 algorithm with association function implementation (FID3-AF) is proposed as a classification technique for breast cancer detection. The FID3-AF algorithm is a hybridisation of the fuzzy system, the iterative dichotomizer 3 (ID3) algorithm, and the association function. The fuzzy-neural dynamic-bottleneck-detection (FUZZYDBD) is considered as an automatic fuzzy database definition method, would aid in the development of the fuzzy database for the data fuzzification process in FID3-AF. The FID3-AF overcame ID3’s issue of being unable to handle continuous data. The association function is implemented to minimise overfitting and enhance generalisation ability. The results indicated that FID3-AF is robust in breast cancer classification. A thorough comparison of FID3-AF to numerous existing methods was conducted to validate the proposed method’s competency. This study established that the FID3-AF performed well and outperform other methods in breast cancer classification

A MEDICAL X-RAY IMAGE CLASSIFICATION AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

Medical image retrieval systems have gained high interest in the scientific community due to the advances in medical imaging technologies. The semantic gap is one of the biggest challenges in retrieval from large medical databases. This paper presents a retrieval system that aims at addressing this challenge by learning the main concept of every image in the medical database. The proposed system contains two modules: a classification/annotation and a retrieval module. The first module aims at classifying and subsequently annotating all medical images automatically. SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) and LBP (Local Binary Patterns) are two descriptors used in this process. Image-based and patch-based features are used as approaches to build a bag of words (BoW) using these descriptors. The impact on the classification performance is also evaluated. The results show that the classification accuracy obtained incorporating image-based integration techniques is higher than the accuracy obtained by other techniques. The retrieval module enables the search based on text, visual and multimodal queries. The text-based query supports retrieval of medical images based on categories, as it is carried out via the category that the images were annotated with, within the classification module. The multimodal query applies a late fusion technique on the retrieval results obtained from text-based and image-based queries. This fusion is used to enhance the retrieval performance by incorporating the advantages of both text-based and content-based image retrieval

An exploration of involvement in the co-design of mammography machines : the power of the user’s voice

Aim This study aimed to explore and analyse the co-design of medical equipment in order to make recommendations, by gaining an understanding of the involvement and aspects of the group that influence involvement in the process of co-design. Method This qualitative study followed one group made up of mammography machine users, mammographic practitioners and mammography clients through a process of co-design. Data was collected through individual interviews with group members and video footage of co-design meetings. An iterative exploratory approach was implemented using Framework Analysis (FA) as a tool to manage data and structure the argument presented in this thesis. Findings The knowledge each user held was found to influence their involvement in the design process. Experiential knowledge of both the practitioner and client was considered valuable and important in understanding the current problem. However, clinical knowledge, held primarily by the mammographic practitioner, was used to make decisions and evaluate ideas. The findings highlight the power of clinical knowledge in idea evaluation and decision-making. The thesis found that practitioners and clients need to re-negotiate their roles during co-design in order for both to actively participate in the development and selection of ideas and solutions. The time spent together had an impact on the user co-design group’s dynamics as they moved through stages of development. This study has added to the existing theories on co-design between health professionals and clients, identifying power issues between client and practitioner sub-groups as well as instances in which they are likely to occur throughout the design process. This study has also added a unique contribution of studying co-design in the context of medical equipment design, as the majority of literature lies in the redesign of services. Recommendations Recommendations in the form of group member and support, along with suggestions for facilitators to consider, are specified for future design practitioners, when implementing the co-design of medical equipment