Phlogacanthus cornutus: chemical profiles and antioxidant effects

Phlogacanthus cornutus is a rare species and the chemical profiles and the bioactivities of this plant are unknown. In present study, the chemical components of the acetone extract as well as the antioxidant activity of acetone extract and its fractions such as n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate of P. cornutus were firstly reported. A total of 33 constituents were identify in the acetone extract of this plant using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry assay, in which trans-cinnamic acid (21.26%), neophytadiene (6.36%), linolenic acid (5.86%), dihydroagathic acid (5.71%), n-hexadecanoic acid (5.53%), phytol (4.14%) and cis-cinnamic acid (3.23%) were the major compounds. The acetone extract and its fractions such as n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate of P. cornutus showed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 234.31, 185.95, 758.65 and 458.52 µg/mL respectively

Скринінг профілю антиоксидантної активності екстрактів листя Hederahelix за допомогою ВЕРХ/ABTS методу

Hedera helix is widely used as a remedy to treat the respiratory infections and cold accompanied with cough due to its anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, the antioxidant activity of its extracts has been confirmed. It is explained by the high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids among all phytochemicals of H. helix leaves. However, it remains uncertain which exactly components are responsible for the antioxidant activity and what is the best way to perform extraction.Aim. To determine the antioxidant profile of different extracts from H. helix leaves using the in vitro HPLC method combined with the ABTS reagent.Materials and methods. Extraction of H. helix leaves was conducted with different solvents (from 20 % methanol to 100 % methanol using an ultrasound bath); the method described in the Pharmacopeia was also used. A Waters chromatograph was used to determine the antioxidant profile.Results. About 90 % of the components responsible for the antioxidant activity were determined using the HPLC method proposed. Among them, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-caffeoylquinic acid showed the highest activities. Other components, such as neochlorogenic acid, hyperoside and 3,4-caffeoylquinic acid were revealed as components with the antioxidant scavenging activities in H. helix lextracts.Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that extracts from H. helix leaves possess the high antioxidant scavenging capacity. In addition, the in vitro HPLC method proposed can be used for the primary screening of components in the plant raw material.Hederahelix широко применяется для лечения респираторных инфекций и простуды, что сопровождается кашлем, благодаря своим противовоспалительным свойствам. Кроме того, антиоксидантная активность его экстрактов была подтверждена. Это объясняется высоким содержанием флавоноидов и фенольных кислот среди фитохимического профиля листьев плюща. Однако остаётся непонятным, какие именно вещества отвечают за антиоксидантный эффект и каким образом лучше проводить их экстракцию.Цель исследования. Изучение профиля антиоксидантов различных экстрактов листьев плюща с использованием in vitro ВЭЖХ метода, объединенного с ABTS реагентом.Материалы и методы. Экстракцию листьев плюща проводили с помощью различных растворителей от 20 % до 100 % метанола с использованием ультразвуковой бани, а также применяли метод экстракции, описанный в фармакопее. Для определения антиоксидантного профиля использовали Waters хроматограф.Результаты. С помощью предлагаемого метода было определено почти 90 % веществ, отвечающих за антиоксидантный эффект, среди которых наибольшую активность имели хлорогеновая кислота и 3,5-кофеоилхиновая кислота. Также к веществам, которые обладают антиоксидантными свойствами, можно отнести неохлорогеновую кислоту, гиперозид и 3,5-кофеоилхиновую кислоту.Выводы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о высоких антиоксидантных свойствах экстрактов листьев плюща. Кроме того, предложенный in vitro ВЭЖХ метод может быть использован для предварительного скрининга веществ в растительном сырье.Hederahelix широко використовується для лікування респіраторних інфекцій та застуди, що супроводжується кашлем, завдяки протизапальним властивостям. Крім цього, була підтверджена антиоксидантна активність його екстрактів. Це пояснюється високим вмістом флавоноїдів та фенольних кислот серед фітохімічного профілю листя плюща. Проте залишається незрозумілим, які саме речовини відповідають за антиоксидантну активність та яким чином краще проводити їх екстракцію.Мета дослідження. Визначити профіль антиоксидантів різних екстрактів листя плюща з використанням in vitro ВЕРХ методу, об’єднаного з ABTS реагентом.Матеріали та методи. Екстракцію листя плюща проводили за допомогою різних розчинників від 20 % до 100 % метанолу з використанням УЗ-бані, а також застосовували фармакопейний метод екстракції. Для визначення антиоксидантного профілю використовували хроматограф Waters.Результати. За допомогою запропонованого методу було визначено майже 90 % основних речовин, що відповідають за антиоксидантну активність. Серед них найбільшу активність мали хлорогенова кислота та 3,5-кофеоїлохінова кислота. Також до речовин з антиоксидантною активністю в листі плюща можна віднести неохлорогенову кислоту, гіперозид, 3,4-кофеоїлохінову кислоту.Висновки. Отримані результати свідчать про високі антиоксидантні властивості екстрактів листя плюща. Крім того, запропонований in vitro ВЕРХ метод може використовуватися для попереднього скринінгу антиоксидантної активності речовин у рослинній сировині

Antioxidant activity of tokaj essence

The aim of the presented experiment was to measure the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant potential of Tokaj essence from the years 1999, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2015. Tokaj essence is produced by fermentation of concentrated must from botrytised grape berries. The highest content of polyphenols was determined in the essence of 1999 (275.8 ±18.17 mg.L-1) and the lowest in the sample of 2015 (118.8 ±12.28 mg.L-1). Antioxidant activity was determined by two methods DPPH and PRAC (permanganate reducing antioxidant capacity). Antioxidant DPPH method showed that the essence of year 1999 had significantly the highest activity (63.4 ±0.81 µmol.L-1 Trolox) while essence of year 2015 (47.5 ±1.58 µmol.L-1 Trolox) featured the lowest activity. The results of method PRAC, which determine the total reducing capacity of the essence, do not correlate with the results of DPPH and total phenolic content, because of higher content of saccharides, which gave false positive test results. The method PRAC is not suitable for measuring antioxidant activity of tokaj esence. The results showed that aging of wine increased the content of polyphenols and also its antioxidant activity. High content of polyphenols and the great antioxidant activity of Tokaj wine receive their beneficial effect to human health

Phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Alstonia scholaris from Mizoram, India

The Devil’s tree (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.), a member of the Apocynaceae family, is recognised in various traditional systems for its efficacy in treating several diseases. In the Mizo traditional medicines of India, the bark extract is utilised as a remedy for bacterial and parasitic infections, among other ailments. To validate the therapeutic claim of the Mizo people, a methanolic extract of the bark was prepared and its chemical composition was analysed. The extract was found to contain alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, and reducing sugars. The antioxidant components of the extract were quantified, revealing a phenolic content of 13.563±0.09 mg/g quercetin equivalent, a flavonoid content of 31.64±2.50 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, and a total antioxidant of 10.48±0.84 mg/g ascorbic equivalent. These findings underscore the plant’s cellular protective capacity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picryldrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The plant extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 11.01 against free radicals generated from the DPPH reaction. Notably, the extract demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, as well as Gram-positive species such as Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. This study establishes A. scholaris as a medicinal plant with promising antimicrobial and pharmacological properties, containing chemical components that can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes

Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Garcinia cowa Roxb. extracts from leaves, fruit rind, and stem bark in different solvents

The objective of this investigation was to assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities of Garcinia cowa Roxb., a Thai native plant that has a history of use in traditional medicine in several countries. To achieve this goal, different plant parts, such as the leaves, fruit rind, and stem bark, were subjected to extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol using the maceration method. The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to quantify the extracts' total phenolic content (TPC). The antioxidant assays, including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, and antidiabetic properties through the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory capacities of different extracts from G. cowa were assessed. The results revealed that the stem bark extracted with ethyl acetate displayed the highest level of TPC at 153.68 mg GAE/100 g DW. Compared to the other extracts, the stem bark ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays with values of 436.86, 359.17, and 526.98 µmol TE/100 g DW, respectively. Further examination of the antidiabetic effects of stem bark extract in ethyl acetate exhibited the highest alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 12.54, and 8.48 mg/mL, respectively. The findings of this research provide initial indications that G. cowa has both antioxidant and antidiabetic attributes and could be viewed as a potential therapeutic agent for managing diabetes

Biosynthesis of Diverse Class Flavonoids <em>via</em> Shikimate and Phenylpropanoid Pathway

Flavonoids are natural products, which are useful in the protection of various types of human diseases. Several bioactive flavonoids as chalcones, flavonols, flavanol, flavones, flavanone, flavan, isoflavonoids, and proanthocyanidin, are found in parts as leaves, root, bark, stem, flowers, weed, fruits of plant species. Flavonoids are synthesized in higher plant species via the shikimate pathway, phenylpropanoid and polyketide pathway. The chalcones and flavanones are central intermediates of the pathway, which give several diverse classes of flavonoids. Central intermediates pathway (chalcones and flavanones pathway) depends on plants species and group of enzymes such as hydroxylases, reductases and isomerases to give different classes of flavonoids skeleton. The anthocyanins, isoflavonoids and condensed tannin (proanthocyanidins) are an important class of flavonoids, which synthesized by flavanones. Mostly, biosynthesis of flavonoids start from phenylpropanoid pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway starts from phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate

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Identification of compounds using HPLC-QTOF-MS online antioxidant activity mapping from aerial parts of Ligularia stenocephala

Abstract Inflammation, diabetes, and even malignancies are pharmacological effects connected by antioxidant capacity and free radicals. Many antioxidants scavenge free radicals originating from dietary sources such as fruits, vegetables, and teas. To identify the bioactive components of Ligularia stenocephala, an effective method combining HPLC-QTOF-MS and bioactivity evaluation was investigated for the first time. Antioxidant agents were isolated from L. stenocephala, a folk medicine used for edema and scrofula in Korea, Japan, and China. The phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of L. stenocephala resulted in the separation and determination of six compounds (1–6). In particular, the chemical structures were identified as hyperoside (1), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (2), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (3), trifolin (4), rutin (5), and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (6). Their structures were identified using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data analysis. The results showed that phenolic components were responsible for the antioxidant inhibitory activity of L. stenocephala. Additionally, to understand the mechanisms of the antioxidant inhibitory activity of L. stenocephala, a docking simulation study was performed to support the in vitro results. Taken together, this new method is rapid, inexpensive, and can be applied to identify the active components of medicinal herbs without separation

Online antioxidant activity and ultra-performance LC-electrospray ionisation-quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry for chemical fingerprinting of Indian polyherbal formulations

<div><p>A HPLC–DAD–DPPH method was developed for evaluating the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of ethylacetate extracts of different polyherbal formulations (draksarista, draksava, lohasava and arvindasava) by using RP-18e column. The ethylacetate extract from polyherbal, ‘draksarista’ exhibited maximum free radical scavenging activity (99.9 ± 0.38%) followed by draksava (99.8 ± 0.34%), lohasava (98.5 ± 0.30%) and arvindasava (42.3 ± 0.34%) at 100 μg mL^− 1. Simultaneously, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to study chemical composition of the ethylacetate extracts of formulations. The characteristic electrospray mass ionisation reveals the dominance of polyphenols and their glycosides in the four polyherbal formulations.</p></div