MX Snow Ski

Living in the Pacific Northwest has many perks when it comes to enjoying the outdoors. All of the seasons can be enjoyed, as well as being completely surrounded by beautiful rolling hills and mountains. Being someone who continuously enjoys the outdoors year-round it’s always fun to try new hobbies. The problem with owning a dirt bike is that most people ride during the dryer and warmer seasons of the year. This project would enable the bike to be ridden even during the snowy winter season. Riding a dirt bike in snow has been recently explored by only a few companies the past few years. Why not design our own working system? A Honda Cr250r dirt bike became the test model and a front mount for a snow ski was designed. This ski would replace the front wheel/tire, while a paddle tire would be implemented at the rear of the bike. After all thirteen parts are machined from the CNC, table mill, band saw, and surface grinders, the device is considered complete and will be properly mounted to the dirt bike. When tested, the dirt bike should handle well in the snow by making tight turns, long sweeping turns, and tracking straight with ease. The ski mount device will also allow the front ski to pivot in the upward position from 20-45°, while also pivoting downward at least 10-25°. This will allow a rider to enjoy dirt biking all year-round.https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cwu_met/1019/thumbnail.jp

Evaluation of high pressure water blast with rotating spray bar for removing paint and rubber deposits from airport runways, and review of runway slipperiness problems created by rubber contamination

A high pressure water blast with rotating spray bar treatment for removing paint and rubber deposits from airport runways is studied. The results of the evaluation suggest that the treatment is very effective in removing above surface paint and rubber deposits to the point that pavement skid resistance is restored to trafficked but uncontaminated runway surface skid resistance levels. Aircraft operating problems created by runway slipperiness are reviewed along with an assessment of the contributions that pavement surface treatments, surface weathering, traffic polishing, and rubber deposits make in creating or alleviating runway slipperiness. The results suggest that conventional surface treatments for both portland cement and asphaltic concrete runways are extremely vulnerable to rubber deposit accretions which can produce runway slipperiness conditions for aircraft operations as or more slippery than many snow and ice-covered runway conditions. Pavement grooving surface treatments are shown to be the least vulnerable to rubber deposits accretion and traffic polishing of the surface treatments examined

TIGRA. The integrated geological risk assessment. Hazard zoning methods of snow avalanches, debris flow and rock falls. Final report

The present report describes natural hazard zoning methods for snow avalanches in Norway and in some other countries were avalanches are a serious threat to the society. In addition methods for rock-fall and debris slide zoning in Norway are discussed. The main problem in hazard zoning of avalanches and other kind of natural hazards in steep terrain, is the prediction of the runout distance for a given frequency. To day much effort is put into modelling of avalanche dynamics as the physical processes in avalanches and slides are not fully understood. More research and developmentis needed to make the models more precise, and to verify the different models towards Nature. Different kinds of runout models are described in the present report, both empirical/statistical - and dynamical methods. Hazard mapping legalisation, and mapping procedures are described. The countries included in this overview have all developed national regulations concerning avalanche risk levels. The accepted risk levels differs for all of the countries, as the return periods of the design avalanches ranges from about 150 to 5000 years. Hazard zoning in Norway is examplified by a description of a case study in a hazard prone village. The use of a Norwegian GIS system for this purposeis described.EU kommisjone

Wavelet Transforms for Rain and Snow Classification with Commercial Microwave Links: Evaluation Using Real-World Data

The need for improved precipitation estimations has prompted the exploration of opportunistic alternatives such as utilizing commercial microwave links (CML), particularly in areas with poor coverage of weather radars and rain gauges. It has been known that rainfall-induced attenuation in the microwave signal can be used to determine rainfall intensity accurately. However, detecting other types of precipitation, such as dry snow, remains a challenge. This study evaluates the feasibility of using wavelet transform combined with a random forest classifier to identify rain and snow events. Real-world signal attenuation data from telecommunication operators and precipitation data from nearby disdrometers in Norway were used to develop the classification methods proposed in this study. The rain classifier was based on data from June 2022, while the snow classifier was evaluated using data from December 2021. The operating frequency of the CMLs used in this study was between 30-40 GHz. The algorithm for rain detection performed similarly to other wet-dry classification methods, with a mean Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 36 % among 52 CMLs. The snow detection algorithm, however, showed no correlation between signal attenuation from 41 CMLs and dry snowfall. In conclusion, the wavelet transforms effectively extract useful information from signal attenuation for rain classification but are unsuitable for detecting snow. Moreover, the study recommends testing commercial microwave links with higher operating frequencies than those used in this study, combined with temperature data, to improve the possibilities of dry snow detection

The hydrology and dynamics of a glacier overlying a linked-cavity drainage system

This thesis investigates the links between glacier hydrology and ice dynamics at Glacier de Tsanfleuron, a small temperate glacier overlying a linked-cavity system in the Valais Alps, Switzerland. The research results demonstrate that meltwater input to the englacial drainage system is significantly delayed by the supraglacial snowpack with travel velocities through the snowpack (0.08 to 0.32 mh-1) more than an order of magnitude slower than the flow at the water-saturated snow-ice interface (7.7 mh-1 and 12.2 mh-1). Since meltwater delivery is critically influencing subglacial hydrology this has a significant impact on glacier sliding. Tracer return curves obtained from experiments in the subglacial drainage system showed low flow velocities (between 0.02 to 0.05 ms-1) and high dispersivities (23 to 80m) reflecting meltwater routing through an inefficient drainage system. This supports the existence of an inefficient linked-cavity drainage system beneath the present glacier. Results of the subglacial tracer experiments and basic modelling of Nye channel flow velocities indicate that subglacial meltwater travels most of the distance in Nye channels but spends most of the time in cavities. Mean intra-seasonal surface velocities of 4 cm d-1 or 15 m a-1 respectively, were obtained form the survey of a stake network across the glacier. Horizontal surface velocities are generally higher at lower altitudes than at higher altitudes. There was no clear dynamic response (e.g. speed-up events due to increased subglacier water pressure) to seasonal meltwater inputs observed throughout the melt season, although large amounts of meltwater entered the englacial and subglacial systems in July and August. An important finding of the research was the apparent loss of approximately 95% of basal water into the bedrock karst. This is reflected in relatively low proglacial discharges from a limited catchment area

Revisiting LFSMs

Linear Finite State Machines (LFSMs) are particular primitives widely used in information theory, coding theory and cryptography. Among those linear automata, a particular case of study is Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) used in many cryptographic applications such as design of stream ciphers or pseudo-random generation. LFSRs could be seen as particular LFSMs without inputs. In this paper, we first recall the description of LFSMs using traditional matrices representation. Then, we introduce a new matrices representation with polynomial fractional coefficients. This new representation leads to sparse representations and implementations. As direct applications, we focus our work on the Windmill LFSRs case, used for example in the E0 stream cipher and on other general applications that use this new representation. In a second part, a new design criterion called diffusion delay for LFSRs is introduced and well compared with existing related notions. This criterion represents the diffusion capacity of an LFSR. Thus, using the matrices representation, we present a new algorithm to randomly pick LFSRs with good properties (including the new one) and sparse descriptions dedicated to hardware and software designs. We present some examples of LFSRs generated using our algorithm to show the relevance of our approach.Comment: Submitted to IEEE-I