Design and Development of Instrumented Remote Centre Compliance

In the field of robotics and automatic assembly tooling, it is often necessary to provide some compliance when fitting two parts together or when engaging a tool with a complementarily shaped aperture. This need arises because of the tolerances in gripping and positioning capability of a robot arm and the dimensional tolerances of the members being positioned. The use of excessive force to engage two imperfectly aligned members can lead to damage to the members or assembly tooling. A remote centre compliance (RCC) is a device that can provide a compliance center projected outward from the device. Remote compliance centers decouple lateral and angular motion. A RCC device can be used in assembly to ease the insertion force. When a project compliance center is near the insertion point of a peg-in-hole type assembly, the peg translates into the hole when it strikes the outside lead-in chamfer without rotating. This translation without rotation prevents the jamming and galling seen from compliance devices that have a compliance center far away from the insertion point. The proposed work aims at designing and developing an intelligent RCC device which helps the parts assemble even if there are misalignments of known limits and is capable of capturing useful information for the assembly process

펙인홀 작업을 위한 다자유도 그리퍼 및 각도 에러 측정 시스템의 설계

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 기계항공공학부, 2017. 8. 김종원.펙인홀(Peg-In-Hole) 작업은 로봇을 활용한 조립작업 중 가장 기초적인 작업이라고 할 수 있다. 조그마한 위치 에러에도 끼임 현상(Jamming 또는 Wedging)이 발생하고 이는 부품 삽입 중에 파손을 유발할 수 있기 때문에, 조립 대상물간의 위치 및 방향에 대한 정렬이 성공적인 펙인홀 작업을 위해서는 무엇보다 중요하다. 이러한 펙인홀 작업을 위해서는 지금까지 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔으며, 대상물간의 정렬 방식에 따라서 수동적 또는 능동적 방법으로 구분된다. RCC(Remote Center Compliance)로 대표되는 수동적인 정렬방법은 컴플라이언스와 대상 부품의 특정 모양을 이용하는 반면에, 능동적인 정렬방법은 비전이나 조립 시 발생하는 반력 정보를 이용하여 대상물간의 정렬을 수행한다. 수동적 정렬 방법은 특별한 측정이나 노력 없이 사용될 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있지만, 부품의 챔버(Chamfer) 사이즈나 펙의 길이 등에 따라서 사용 가능 여부가 결정되어 적용이 제한적이다. 비전의 활용을 통한 정렬도 또한 적용이 제한적인데, 그 이유는 카메라의 설치 위치 및 주변 환경에 따른 측정 정확도의 민감성 때문이다. 본 학위 논문에서는 효과적인 펙인홀 작업을 수행하기 위하여 다자유도의 그리퍼, 각도 에러 측정기 및 측정된 힘 정보를 군집화하여 대상물간의 위치 에러를 측정할 수 있는 알고리즘이 제안되었다. 이를 위하여 하단의 주요 세가지 핵심 기능이 시스템 설계에 구현되었으며, 사각 형상의 펙인홀 작업을 통해 증명되었다. 위치 에러 보정 작업 시 미세 조정 작업을 위하여, 4 자유도를 지닌 두 개의 손가락으로 구성된 그리퍼가 설계되었으며, 손가락 끝 단에는 6축 힘 센서가 내재되어 반력 측정을 가능하게 하였다. 로봇의 손목에 설치된 힘 센서와 로봇 팔의 자유도를 사용하여 작업을 수행하는 일반적인 방법과는 달리, 설계된 다자유도 그리퍼를 활용하여 펙을 조작 가능하게 하였다. 또한, 펙의 양 측면에서 발생된 반력 정보들을 펙의 위치 정보와 함께 저장하여 위치에러 도출에 활용 가능하도록 하였다. 2 자유도의 직교 로봇과 레이저 거리 센서로 구성된 견실한 각도 측정기(Scanner)가 펙과 홀 사이간의 각도 에러 보정을 위하여 설계 및 구현되었다. 펙과 홀 사이간의 접촉 조건에 따라서 모멘트 반력의 발생 유무가 결정되는데, 힘 정보를 바탕으로 한 빠르고 신뢰성 있는 에러 추정을 위해서는 각도 에러 측정을 통한 보정을 필요로 한다. 사각형상의 펙 인 홀 작업의 경우에는, 펙과 홀 사이간의 엣지 및 지지 면의 수에 따라서 총 5가지의 경우로 접촉 조건이 분류가 되는데, 모멘트는 그 중에서 한가지의 경우에만 발생하게 된다. 각도 에러 보정을 통하여, 접촉 조건은 2가지로 줄어들게 되며, 이를 통하여 에러 보정 시간을 줄이는 것이 가능하다. 펙과 홀 사이간의 위치 에러를 추출하기 위하여, 모멘트 반력 정보와 펙의 위치 정보로 구성된 데이터 세트에 군집화 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 각도 에러 보정 후에도, 모멘트가 발생하지 않는 경우가 남게 되며 이러한 혼합된 데이터 세트에서도 위치 에러를 추출할 수 있는 인공지능을 필요로 한다. 이를 위하여, 기계 학습에서 사용되는 두 가지의 대표적인 알고리즘, K 평균 알고리즘과 가우시안 혼합 모델 알고리즘을 다양한 측정 데이터 세트들에 적용하였다. 에러 추출 시 알고리즘의 정확도와 견실함을 확인 하기 위하여 같은 조건에서 측정되거나 다른 속도에서 측정된 세 개의 데이터 세트가 위치 에러 추출을 위하여 사용되었다. K 평균 알고리즘의 경우, 추출된 위치 에러의 정확도와 각각의 데이터 세트에서 추출된 위치 에러 값들의 편차는 각각 0.29mm, 0.14mm 이내이지만, 가우시안 혼합 모델 알고리즘의 경우에는 각각 0.44mm, 0.43mm를 보이고 있다. K 평균 알고리즘은 위치 에러 추출에서 안정적인 정확도와 견실함을 가지며, 가우시안 혼합 모델 알고리즘은 위하여 제한조건을 지닌 파라미터 사용을 필요로 하는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 센서로부터의 정보에 의지하지 않고, 긴 나선형 궤적만을 이용하여 에러 보정을 수행하는 블라인드 서치(Blind Search)와 비교할 때, 제안된 측정기와 위치 추출 알고리즘은 짧고 편차가 없는 에러 보정 시간의 장점을 가지고 있다. 주어진 검색 영역을 수직 수평으로 움직이는 짧은 XY 궤적을 사용하여 에러 보정 시간을 단축 가능하게 하고, 각도 에러 보정을 통하여 접촉 조건 경우의 수를 줄이면서 에러 보정을 위한 시간에 편차가 없도록 하였다.Peg-In-Hole is the one of basic tasks for robotic assembly. For successful Peg-In-Hole, the position and orientation alignment between mating parts is very important because small error can induce jamming and wedging which generates excessive force leading to damages on mating parts during insertion. A lot of researches for Peg-In-Hole task have been underway and it can be categorized into passive and active approaches. The passive approach represented by Remote Center Compliance uses the compliance and shape of mating parts for alignment, whereas the active approach uses measurement from vision, force or both of them. Passive approach has strength in which alignment can be done passively without any other measurements but applications are limited because it depends on the shape of mating parts like chamfer size and length of peg. Utilization of vision is also limited because of sensitivity in accuracy which is affected significantly by camera location and surrounding environment. In this dissertation, a dexterous gripper with an angular error measuring instrument and reliable position error estimation algorithm by clustering the force dataset is proposed for Peg-In-Hole task. Three main key features stated below are implemented in the system design and tested with square Peg-In-Hole experiments. The dexterous gripper which consists of 4 DOF(Degree Of Freedom) two fingers embedded with 6 axis force sensors at the fingertip is designed for micro manipulation during error recovery. Unlike the usual method in which force sensor is mounted on the robot wrist and peg is manipulated by robot arm, the designed dexterous gripper is used for both of grasping and manipulating peg. Reaction force generated on both side of peg is also measured at fingertip and recorded with peg position for error estimation. Robust angle measuring instrument, Scanner, consisted of 2DOF manipulator and laser distance sensor is also designed and implemented for detecting the angular error between peg and hole. Depending on the contact condition, its decided whether moment is generated or not, thus angular error compensation is necessary for fast and reliable error estimation based on the force data. In case of square Peg-In-Hole, the contact condition can be classified into 5 cases depending on the number of edge and supporting area between peg and hole and moment is generated in only one case. With the angular error compensation, the number of contact condition can be diminished to 2 cases thus shortened recovery time can be accomplished. To extract the position error between peg and hole, error estimation with clustering algorithm is applied to the measured dataset of moment and peg position. Even after angular error compensation, there still exists the condition which generates no reaction moment, thus artificial intelligence which can extract the position error among mixed dataset is required. Two representative algorithms, K means algorithms and Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm, commonly used in machine learning for clustering dataset are applied to various datasets constructed with position and moment for estimating position error. Two datasets, one constructed with the three datasets measured at same condition and the other constructed with three datasets measured with different velocity are used to check accuracy and robustness in error estimation from both of algorithm. The accuracy of estimated position error and deviation among estimated error in each dataset from K means algorithm is within 0.29mm and 0.14mm whereas both of that from Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm is within 0.44mm and 0.43mm. K means algorithm shows stable accuracy and robustness on position error estimation whereas the Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm needs to use constrained parameter for both of them. Comparing with blind search which uses no information from sensors and long spiral trajectory for error recovery, the proposed measurement system and algorithms have advantages in terms of recovery time and no variation of it. Short XY trajectory which moves horizontally and vertically in given search area can be used and error recovery time have no variation regardless of position error by diminishing the number of contact conditions through angular error compensation.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Robotic Assembly and Peg-In-Hole Task 1 1.2. Previous Research Works 2 1.2.1. Passive approaches 3 1.2.2. Active approaches 5 1.3. Purpose and Contribution of Research 9 Chapter 2. Contact Condition Analysis 12 2.1. Classification of Contact Condition 12 2.1.1. Connected Component Labeling 12 2.1.2. Binary image generation procedure 13 2.1.3. Analysis results for contact condition 14 2.2. Force and Moment depending on Contact Condition 17 Chapter 3. Design Synthesis of Gripper and Scanner 21 3.1. Overall Design Overview 21 3.2. Design and Mechanism of Finger 23 3.2.1. Advantages of parallel mechanism 23 3.2.2. Mechanism description of finger 28 3.2.3. Kinematics of finger 31 3.3 Design and Mechanism of Scanner 33 3.3.1. Mechanism description 33 3.3.2. FEM analysis for deflection compensation 34 Chapter 4. Error Recovery Algorithms 40 4.1. Clustering for Error Estimation 40 4.1.1. K means algorithm 41 4.1.2. Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm 42 4.2. Procedure for Error Recovery 44 4.3. Comparison of Error Recovery Algorithms 45 4.3.1. Comparison of trajectory in blind and XY search 45 4.3.2. Comparison of trajectory for position error recovery 46 4.3.3. Comparison of trajectory for angular error recovery 49 4.3.4. Comparison of variation in recovery time 50 Chapter 5. Experimental Results 52 5.1. Angular Error Measurement of Scanner 52 5.1.1. Verification of scanner accuracy and repeatability 52 5.1.2. Measurement and alignment of angular error 56 5.2. Reaction Moment Measurement at Fingertip 58 5.2.1. Measurement of moment data 58 5.2.2. Description of measurement condition 59 5.2.3. Clustering results from K means algorithm 61 5.2.4. Clustering results from Gaussian Mixture Model Algorithm 64 5.2.5 Comparison of clustering result 69 Chapter 6. Conclusion 71 Bibliography 74 Abstract in Korean 78Docto

On disengaging a peg from a hole

In the field of manufacturing and remanufacturing, robots are employed in assembly tasks. Robotics researchers often use a cylindrical peg and a cylindrical hole as a model to understand high-precision insertion operations. During those operations, two main obstacles were identified, namely, jamming and wedging. Jamming occurs when the force is applied in the wrong direction and can be rectified easily by changing the direction. Wedging occurs when the peg appears to be stuck in the hole. The wedging of a peg is more complex than jamming, and it involves the deformation of the components. Many studies have been performed in the area of peg-hole assembly. Although researchers have mentioned the necessary conditions for wedging, the peg-hole jamming problem was the main focus. This thesis aims to better understand the peg-hole wedging problem to find methods to dislodge a wedged peg and to design a remote-centre-compliance (RCC) device to avoid the wedging and jamming of a peg that can be used in both assembly and disassembly. Using the definition and necessary conditions of peg-hole wedging, the systematic process of wedging a peg is analysed and illustrated. There are four steps to wedge a peg in a hole. First, the peg and hole must be in 2-point contact, and the two contact points must be within each other’s friction cone. A force or moment is then applied to deform the peg and hole, and the peg tilting angle increases. The force or moment is then released in the third step, and the peg tilting angle will be reduced by a small amount. Finally, when the peg tilting angle reduces, the reaction forces at the contact points will be collinear, and the peg is wedged. In the simulation and experiment in this research, the hole is divided into two sides, and a force-torque (FT) sensor is installed beneath each hole. The readings obtained from the sensors have shown that the hypothesis of the wedging process is correct, and when the peg is successfully wedged, the resultant force experienced by the FT sensors is balanced. The dislodging of a peg is also investigated in this thesis. To dislodge a wedged peg, intuitively, the peg is either shaken, twisted or knocked. Depending on the application, some would use a low force to dislodge the wedged peg to avoid damaging the components, while others would prefer a quicker disassembly process. In this investigation, the wedged peg is dislodged using different methods, such as applying a constant force and pulsating forces with different frequencies and magnitudes. The time needed to dislodge the peg is recorded to compare the effects of different combinations of parameters used. The result from the simulation shows that the peg can be dislodged at low impulses within a specific range of pulling force magnitudes. Adopting a pulsating force helps reduce the impulse required to dislodge the peg compared to using continuous force in the low magnitude region. However, in the lowest magnitude region, using a continuous force resulted in a lower impulse as the time for dislodging the peg was shorter compared to when a pulsating force was employed. Many techniques have been proposed and investigated to aid the peg-hole assembly process, and one of them is by using an RCC. At the University of Canterbury (New Zealand), researchers designed a passive compliant device, which was an inverted Gough-Whitehall-Stewart mechanism, to assist the peg-hole insertion process. This thesis analyses a modified version of that compliant device, where the legs do not meet in pairs at the platform but at points located remotely from it. This allows the device to have the features of an RCC mechanism, which has been proven by other researchers to be effective for precise peg-hole assembly tasks. This device is also suitable for both assembly and disassembly processes. Unlike the currently available RCC design, which can only withstand high compressive forces, the proposed compliant device can resist both compressive and tensile forces. The compliance matrix of the new design and the location at which it is diagonal are derived using small approximations, proving that the centre of compliance is situated away from the platform. The correctness of the small motion assumptions and the RCC properties of the new compliance device have been confirmed by performing the sensitivity analysis

High-Dimensional Design Evaluations For Self-Aligning Geometries

Physical connectors with self-aligning geometry aid in the docking process for many robotic and automatic control systems such as robotic self-reconfiguration and air-to-air refueling. This self-aligning geometry provides a wider range of acceptable error tolerance in relative pose between the two rigid objects, increasing successful docking chances. In a broader context, mechanical alignment properties are also useful for other cases such as foot placement and stability, grasping or manipulation. Previously, computational limitations and costly algorithms prevented high-dimensional analysis. The algorithms presented in this dissertation will show a reduced computational time and improved resolution for this kind of problem. This dissertation reviews multiple methods for evaluating modular robot connector geometries as a case study in determining alignment properties. Several metrics are introduced in terms of the robustness of the alignment to errors across the full dimensional range of possible offsets. Algorithms for quantifying error robustness will be introduced and compared in terms of accuracy, reliability, and computational cost. Connector robustness is then compared across multiple design parameters to find trends in alignment behavior. Methods developed and compared include direct simulation and contact space analysis algorithms (geometric by a \u27pre-partitioning\u27 method, and discrete by flooding). Experimental verification for certain subsets is also performed to confirm the results. By evaluating connectors using these algorithms we obtain concrete metric values. We then quantitatively compare their alignment capabilities in either SE(2) or SE(3) under a pseudo-static assumption

Carolina Crossroads phase 1 - Colonial Life Blvd. Richland and Lexington Counties, South Carolina a design-build project

SCDOT proposes to construct a new exit ramp to US 378 from I-26 eastbound and associated interstate widening in Lexington County and a full access interchange at Colonial Life Boulevard at I-126 in Richland County. This will include construction of new bridges and related roadway approaches. The purpose of the project is to provide traffic access to and from I-26 and I-126 to Colonial Life Blvd., allowing for closure of the existing on and off ramps that access I-26 from Bush River Road. The purpose of this Request for Proposals (RFP) is to select a Proposer to perform the Project services described in this RFP

Elements of nuclear safety – Research reactors

This publication gives a global overview of the diversity and complementarity of research reactors, some of which have been or are still being used to conduct experiments that are essential for the development and operation of nuclear power reactors, including in relation to safety issues. This work highlights the many uses of these reactors, which have very different designs, use highly varied quantities of radioactive substances with varying levels of risk for safety and radiation protection, and which — in many cases because they are old or have been shut down — require appropriate measures to control the ageing or obsolescence of some of their equipment, as well as, on an organisational and human level, to ensure that they continue to be operated safely. For some research reactors, safety and radiation protection aspects must be considered, taking into account that two types of operators are present at the same time within these reactors: reactor operating personnel and operators in charge of experimental devices using neutrons from the reactor for fundamental or applied research purposes. There are two specific chapters on the safety standards established under the aegis of the IAEA for research reactors and on serious accidents, notably those involving criticality and reactivity, in research reactors. The second part of the work focuses on French research reactors, including the regulations and official documents applicable to these reactors, on lessons learned in France from significant events and accidents — as well as abroad, such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in 2011 — on the consideration of reactivity accidents in the design of French research reactors, and on the ten-yearly safety reviews carried out in France

Request for proposals final with addendum 6 : Carolina Crossroads phase 2 - Broad River Rd. at I-20 Interchange design-build project Project ID P039719 Richland County December 3, 2020

The purpose of this Request for Proposals (RFP) is to select a Proposer to perform the Project services and to design and construct the Project, as further described in this RFP

Computational Methods for Failure Analysis and Life Prediction

This conference publication contains the presentations and discussions from the joint UVA/NASA Workshop on Computational Methods for Failure Analysis and Life Prediction held at NASA Langley Research Center 14-15 Oct. 1992. The presentations focused on damage failure and life predictions of polymer-matrix composite structures. They covered some of the research activities at NASA Langley, NASA Lewis, Southwest Research Institute, industry, and universities. Both airframes and propulsion systems were considered