Skills substitution and trust: a new conception of attitude towards AI in a-HRM

Attitude towards new technologies depends on different factors. In case of AI (artificial intelligence), workers may perceive their own skills as easily substitutable and look at their job as likely to be replaced. This perception may have negative impact on their acceptance towards implementation of intelligent machines and automation, if there wouldn’t be a well based trust on the improvements brought by these technologies. Unfolding from such considerations, we have collected data from a diversified sample of 183 workers and requested a bootstrapped estimate from 5,000 samples. As a result, we propose a mediated process between skills substitution and perceived overall job replacement, moderated by trust, which leads to attitude towards AI in a-HRM (automated human resources management). Surprisingly for high substitution perceptions, workers manifested more positive attitude towards AI. This provided big room of discussion and great enrichments in current literature; plus considerable practical implication in understanding workers behaviors face automation investments in companies.A atitude em relação às novas tecnologias depende de diferentes fatores. No caso da IA (inteligência artificial), os trabalhadores podem perceber as próprias competências como facilmente substituíveis e perceber a instabilidade do seu trabalho. Essa perceção pode ter um impacto negativo na aceitação da implementação de máquinas inteligentes e de investimentos em automação, se não houvesse uma confiança bem fundamentada nas melhorias trazidas por essas tecnologias. Começando de tais considerações, coletamos dados de uma amostra diversificada de 183 trabalhadores e solicitamos uma bootstrapped estimate de 5.000 amostras. Como resultado, propomos um modelo mediado entre a substituição de competências e a perceção geral da substituição do trabalho, moderada pela confiança, o que leva a atitude face as IA em a-HRM (automated human resources management). Surpreendentemente, para perceções de alta substituição, os trabalhadores manifestaram uma atitude mais positiva em relação as IA. Isso proporcionou grande espaço de discussão e grandes enriquecimentos na literatura atual, mais implicações práticas fundamentais na compreensão dos comportamentos dos trabalhadores em frente aos investimentos em automação nas empresas

Social Organizations as Reconstitutable Networks of Conversation

This essay intends to recover human agency from holistic, abstract, even oppressive conceptions of social organization, common in the social sciences, social systems theory in particular. To do so, I am taking the use of language as simultaneously accompanying the performance of and constructing reality (my version of social constructivism). The essay starts with a definition of human agency in terms of its linguistic manifestation. It then sketches several leading conceptions of social organization, their metaphorical origin and entailments. Finally, it contextualizes the use of these metaphors in conversation, which leads to the main thesis of this essay that the reconstitutability of networks of conversation precedes all other criteria of the viability of organizational forms. The paper transcends the traditional second-order cybernetic preoccupation with individual cognition – observation and description – into the social domain of participation

Reputation systems and recruitment in online labor markets: insights from an agent-based model

Online labor markets—freelance marketplaces, where digital labor is distributed via a web-based platform—commonly use reputation systems to overcome uncertainties in the hiring process, that can arise from a lack of objective information about employees’ abilities. Research shows, however, that reputation systems tend to create winner-takes-all dynamics, in which differences in candidates’ reputations become disconnected from differences in their objective abilities. In this paper, we use an empirically validated agent-based computational model to investigate the extent to which reputation systems can create segmented hiring patterns that are biased toward freelancers with good reputation. We explore how jobs and earnings become distributed on a stylized platform, under different contextual conditions of information asymmetry. Our results suggest that information asymmetry influences the extent to which reputation systems may lead to inequality between freelancers, but contrary to our expectations, lower levels of information asymmetry can facilitate higher inequality in outcomes

Preventing intellectual disability: Ethical issues.

The thesis opens with four cases that demonstrate various aspects of the prevention of intellectual disability (ID). The following four chapters introduce ID and many related issues (Chapter 2), the concept of geneticisation (Chapter 3), the epidemiology of ID (Chapter 4) and the concept of prevention (Chapter 5). In Chapter 6 prenatal diagnosis and screening are examined thoroughly. The two major models, the reproductive autonomy model and the public health model, are described and scrutinised. For example, the questions of informed consent, screening as a request of the women involved, reassurance, concept of risk, locus of control and eugenics are critically discussed. Chapter 7 deals with genetic counselling in general and directive versus non-directive counselling in particular. Chapter 8 asks the question 'Why should ID be prevented?' Five arguments are presented and critically examined: the eugenic argument, the foetal- wastage argument, the societal burden argument, the family burden argument and the quality of life argument. In Chapter 9 Mary Ann Warren's multi-criterial theory of moral status is presented and applied to potential or actual individuals with or without intellectual disability. More practical issues are raised again in Chapter 10, which deals with the prevention of ID with respect to three syndromes. The conclusive chapter (II) returns to the cases described in the beginning

Barry Smith an sich

Festschrift in Honor of Barry Smith on the occasion of his 65th Birthday. Published as issue 4:4 of the journal Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order and Organization. Includes contributions by Wolfgang Grassl, Nicola Guarino, John T. Kearns, Rudolf Lüthe, Luc Schneider, Peter Simons, Wojciech Żełaniec, and Jan Woleński

Robotics in Germany and Japan

This book comprehends an intercultural and interdisciplinary framework including current research fields like Roboethics, Hermeneutics of Technologies, Technology Assessment, Robotics in Japanese Popular Culture and Music Robots. Contributions on cultural interrelations, technical visions and essays are rounding out the content of this book

Towards Specifying And Evaluating The Trustworthiness Of An AI-Enabled System

Applied AI has shown promise in the data processing of key industries and government agencies to extract actionable information used to make important strategical decisions. One of the core features of AI-enabled systems is the trustworthiness of these systems which has an important implication for the robustness and full acceptance of these systems. In this paper, we explain what trustworthiness in AI-enabled systems means, and the key technical challenges of specifying, and verifying trustworthiness. Toward solving these technical challenges, we propose a method to specify and evaluate the trustworthiness of AI-based systems using quality-attribute scenarios and design tactics. Using our trustworthiness scenarios and design tactics, we can analyze the architectural design of AI-enabled systems to ensure that trustworthiness has been properly expressed and achieved.The contributions of the thesis include (i) the identification of the trustworthiness sub-attributes that affect the trustworthiness of AI systems (ii) the proposal of trustworthiness scenarios to specify trustworthiness in an AI system (iii) a design checklist to support the analysis of the trustworthiness of AI systems and (iv) the identification of design tactics that can be used to achieve trustworthiness in an AI system

Animating Aesthetics: Pixar and Digital Culture

In the pre-digital age of cinema, animated and live-action film shared a technological basis in photography and they continue to share a basis in digital technology. This fact limits the capacity for technological inquiries to explain the persistent distinction between animated and live-action film, especially when many scholars in film and media studies agree that all moving image media are instances of animation. Understanding the distinction in aesthetic terms, however, illuminates how animation reflexively addresses aesthetic experience and its function within contexts of technological, environmental, and socio-cultural change. “Animating Aesthetics: Pixar and Digital Culture” argues that the aesthetics that perpetuate the idea of animation as a distinct mode in a digital media environment are particularly evident in the films produced by Pixar Animation Studios. As the first studio to produce a fully computer-generated animated film, Pixar has had a large and lasting influence on the standardization of computer animation. Rather than relegate animation to the domain of children’s entertainment or obfuscate its distinction from live action film, this critical study of Pixar demonstrates how its films build on an aesthetic tradition that interrogates nature, challenges epistemological stability, and explores the effects of technological change. This study includes investigations into the uncanny integrity of digital commodities in the Toy Story films, the technological sublime in Monsters, Inc., the exceptionality of the fantastic in The Incredibles, and sensorial disruption in Ratatouille. Each chapter explores aesthetic experience and how it operates as a contested domain in which norms and values are challenged, reconfigured, but also reproduced. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates how popular animated media can engage contemporary philosophical questions about how we know the world, how we understand technology and our environment, and, finally, how aesthetics are fundamental to humanistic inquiry and critical thought