Energy consumption in the US reconsidered. Evidence across sources and economic sectors

This study analyzes the impact of GDP shocks in USA on primary energy consumption and the reverse impact in a comprehensive and novel framework, distinguishing by economic sectors (commercial, industrial, residential and transportation) and energy source, i.e., total fossil (coal, natural gas and petroleum), nuclear, and renewable (hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass) for the period 1973:1 to 2015:2. To this end, we apply Granger causality analysis through the Hatemi-J [1] and Toda and Yamamoto [2] approaches from a time series perspective to evaluate the existence of asymmetries on this bidirectional relationship. The empirical results suggest that the impact of GDP on primary energy consumption is heterogeneous and energy source-specific, and an asymmetric behavior appears among cycles. Moreover, it seems clear that the US economy is highly dependent on petroleum energy consumption. The renewable energy sources do not seem to show any relationshipsources seem to show no relationship with economic growth, and finally, our results suggest that energy consumption in the industrial sector is key to economic growth and is also very sensitive to negative economic shocks

Financial Development, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from ARDL Approach for Pakistan

The paper explores the existence of a long run equilibrium relationship among CO2 emissions, financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and population growth in Pakistan. ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration is implemented to the data for 1974-2009. The results confirm a long run relation among these variables. Financial development appears to help reduce CO2 emissions. The main contributors to CO2 emissions however are: economic growth, population growth and energy consumption. Our results also lend support to the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Pakistan. Based on the findings we argue that policy focus on financial development might be helpful in reducing environmental degradation.Financial Development, CO2 Emissions, Cointegration

Effects of Energy Consumption on GDP: New Evidence of 24 Countries on Their Natural Resources and Production of Electricity

Because of rapid economic expansion, China, the USA, and India have become the largest energy producers and sources of CO2 emissions in the world. They burned over 45% of global fuels in 2016. Meanwhile, the developing strategies of 24 polluted states to decrease fossil energy consumption without additional economic output. This paper explores the effect of world top polluted countries’ CO2 emission, their GDP and production of electricity by potential indicators and identifies the basic factors that contribute to changes in an environment where petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear, biomass, and other renewable energy and hydroelectric sources are examined with GDP per capita. We estimate our data for the period from 1968 to 2017 and use the GLM model. The results show that more production of electricity is causing abnormal CO2 emissions. The Granger causality test shows that there is a unidirectional relationship between energy consumption and economic advancement. Also, there is a short-run bidirectional causality that exists among the energy indicators. We find a unilateral causality between energy consumption and economic growth. Therefore, the consumption of energy might be conductive of 24 (polluted) countries and better economic development; the consumption of energy may be failsafe and guaranteed, while we should limit the resources of countries

Investigating the Relationship between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and the Factors Affecting Them in the United States Building Sector: A Macro and Micro View

abstract: The United States building sector was the most significant carbon emission contributor (over 40%). The United States government is trying to decrease carbon emissions by enacting policies, but emissions increased by approximately 7 percent in the U.S. between 1990 and 2013. To reduce emissions, investigating the factors affecting carbon emissions should be a priority. Therefore, in this dissertation, this research examine the relationship between carbon emissions and the factors affecting them from macro and micro perspectives. From a macroscopic perspective, the relationship between carbon dioxide, energy resource consumption, energy prices, GDP (gross domestic product), waste generation, and recycling waste generation in the building and waste sectors has been verified. From a microscopic perspective, the impact of non-permanent electric appliances and stationary and non-stationary occupancy has been investigated. To verify the relationships, various kinds of statistical and data mining techniques were applied, such as the Granger causality test, linear and logarithmic correlation, and regression method. The results show that natural gas and electricity prices are higher than others, as coal impacts their consumption, and electricity and coal consumption were found to cause significant carbon emissions. Also, waste generation and recycling significantly increase and decrease emissions from the waste sector, respectively. Moreover, non-permanent appliances such as desktop computers and monitors consume a lot of electricity, and significant energy saving potential has been shown. Lastly, a linear relationship exists between buildings’ electricity use and total occupancy, but no significant relationship exists between occupancy and thermal loads, such as cooling and heating loads. These findings will potentially provide policymakers with a better understanding of and insights into carbon emission manipulation in the building sector.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 201

The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on environment performance in South Africa

This paper explores the effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on environmental performance using annual data over the period of 1965-2008 for South African economy. ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration has used to test the long run relationship among the variables while short run dynamics have been investigated by applying error correction method (ECM). Unit root problem is checked through Saikkonen and Lutkepohl [1] structural break unit root test. Our findings confirmed long run relationship among the variables. Results showed that a rise in economic growth increases energy emissions while financial development lowers it. Coal consumption has significant contribution to deteriorate environment significantly. Trade openness improves environmental quality by lowering the growth of energy pollutants. EKC is also existed.Coal Consumption, Economic Growth, Environment

A Critical Review of the Relationship Between Environmental Performance Index, Financial Development and Economic Growth

Purpose: Through a literature review, this study aims to understand the relationship between the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), Financial Development, and Economic Growth. In order to provide a complete understanding of the impact of EPI and Financial Development on Economic Growth, the authors propose a conceptual framework based on empirical data. In order to expand knowledge in this field, the study also seeks to identify gaps in the literature and recommend new lines of inquiry.   Design/Methodology/Approach: This study conducts an extensive literature analysis emphasizing publications between 2018 and 2022. The literature of developed, developed-group, and developing countries will be thoroughly and a comprehensive and systematic literature review will be conducted to meet the goals of this study. However, a qualitative method will help us better understand how EPI and financial development affect economic growth and sustainable development because the results and conclusions of empirical investigations need to be more consistent.   Findings: The study concluded that environmental performance and sustainability are essential for achieving economic growth and development in industrialized countries, and policymakers should give top priority to settling carbon costs and taxes, commercializing low-CO2 emissions technologies, cutting non-renewable energy subsidies, offering technology transfer programs, and developing a green trade policy. The study also emphasized the potential of sustainable financial systems and renewable energy to lower emissions and promote economic growth in developing nations. However, successful policies and investments in green technologies are required to achieve this balance.   Practical implication:  This study has practical implications for policymakers who must prioritize sustainable development goals in their economic policies. This includes promoting renewable energy, reducing carbon emissions, and implementing green trade policies. The study highlights the critical role of government policies in promoting sustainable economic growth, particularly the EPI and Financial Development.   Originality/Value: This study's originality and value lie in its examination of the complex relationship between environmental sustainability, financial development, and economic growth across different countries and regions. The study emphasizes the role of government policies, specifically the EPI and Financial Development, in promoting sustainable economic growth and provides practical implications for policymakers. The study also highlights the need for further research to identify effective policies for promoting sustainable economic growth

Revisiting energy efficiency and energy related CO2 emissions: Evidence from RCEP economies

Since the last four decades, energy demand has been reached to the utmost level, which also leads to emissions and causes environmental degradation, global warming and climate change all over the world. In this sense, policy makers have suggested various measures including renewable adoption and energy efficiency. Current study aims to investigate the influence of economic growth, energy consumption, renewable electricity output, and energy efficiency on the energy related emissions. A panel of 12 RCEP economies are examined covering the period 1990-2020. Since the data follows irregular path, therefore a novel method of moment panel quantile regression is employed along with the Granger causality test. The empirical results indicate that economic growth and energy consumption significantly enhances energy related emissions, where the magnitude and significance level is found strengthening from lower to upper quantiles (Q0.25, Q0.50, Q0.75 and Q0.90). Conversely, renewable electricity and energy efficiency are the significant tools for lowering energy related emissions in the region. Additionally, a unidirectional causality is found from energy consumption and renewable electricity output to energy related emissions. However, a feedback effect is validated between economic growth, energy efficiency, and energy related emissions. Based on the empirical findings, this study suggests enhancement of renewable electricity output and adoption of energy efficient technologies to reduce environmental degradation and emission level

The symmetric and asymmetric dynamics of energy demand in Turkey

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu çalışmanın amacı, doğrudan yabancı yatırım, sera gazı ve ülkenin büyüme oranı gibi çeşitli makroekonomik göstergelerin bir fonksiyonu olan enerji talebinin dinamikleri üzerinde ampirik bir analiz yapmaktır. Her ne kadar birçok araştırma, bu konuyu çeşitli ekonometrik tekniklerin uygulanmasıyla irdelemiş olsa da. Bununla birlikte, zaman serilerindeki ilerleme ve eşbütünleşme analizi, doğrusal olmayanlığın etkilerini kontrol etmemizi sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma Shin, Yu ve Greenwood-Nimmo tarafından (2014: 281) yeni geliştirilen Doğrusal Olmayan Otoregresif Modelin (NARDL) uygulanmasıyla ekonomik değişkenlerde doğrusal olmayanlığın ortaya çıkmasının bu konuyla ilgili bir yenilik sağlayabileceğini sormuştur. 1980-2015 arasında bir dönem almayı ve doğrusal ve ilgili doğrusal olmayan bir Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) eşbütünleşme ve hata düzeltme metodolojileri uygulamayı önermekteyiz. Enerji talebinin açıklayıcı değişkenlerinin pozitif ve negatif kısmi toplam ayrışmaları ile doğrusal olmayanların gösterilmesidir. Değişkenlerin durağan seviyesini kontrol etmek için ADF ve PP birim kök testi uygulanmış ve karma düzen eşbütünleşme bulunmuştur. Optimal gecikmeyi kontrol etmek için gecikme uzunluğu kriterleri uygulanmıştır. NARDL testinin ampirik sonuçları, DYY'nin kısmi olumlu toplamının enerji talebi ile pozitif ilişki içerdiğini gösterirken, negatif kısmi toplamın enerji talebi ile ters ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Hem pozitif hem de negatif kısmi toplam tutarı GSYİH ve CO2 emisyonu, enerji talebi ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Uzun süreli NARDL sonuçları, değişkenler arasındaki asimetrik eksiklikleri gösterirdir. Ayrıca, ARDL bağlı testi, değişkenler arasında uzun süreli eşbütünleşmenin çıktığını göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, DYY'nin hem kısa vadede hem de uzun vadede enerji talebi üzerinde olumsuz etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak GSYİH ve CO2 emisyonunun kısa vadede ve uzun vadede enerji talebi ile pozitif ilişkisi vardır. Sonuçlar, Hükümet'in yabancı yatırımcıları çekmek, enerji yoğun projeleri taklit etmek, enerji ithalatı bağımlılığını azaltmak, yerli kaynakların kullanımını arttırmak ve iklim değişikliği ile başa çıkmak, yenilenebilir kullanımı artırmak için ülkedeki kanunun ve düzen koşullarının iyileştirilmesi gerektiğini ileri sürdü. CO2 emisyonlarını çevreden azaltmak için enerji kaynaklarıdir.The purpose of this research is to carry out an empirical analysis of dynamics of energy demand, which is a function of several macroeconomic indicators such as direct foreign investment, greenhouse gases and the economic growth of the country. Although plenty of studies have scrutinized this issue through the application of several econometric techniques. However, progression in time series and cointegration analysis will allow us to check the effects of non-linearity. Therefore, this study asked whether the emergence of nonlinearity in the economic variables through the application of the newly developed Non-linear Autoregressive Model (NARDL) founded by Shin, Yu, and Greenwood-Nimmo, (2014:281) could provide a novelty on this subject. We propose to take a period from 1980-2015 and applying a linear of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound model and correspondingly nonlinear class of cointegration i.e. NARDL methodologies. To demonstrate the nonlinearities of the explanatory variables of Energy demand, the positive and negative partial sum of decompositions generated. To find out stationarity of data ADF, PP and Kim Perron ADF unit root test has been applied and results indicated that our model has mix order cointegration. To check the optimal Lag length criteria AIC and SIC criteria have been applied. The empirical results of NARDL test indicate that partial positive sum of FDI has a positive relationship with energy demand while negative partial sum has an inverse relationship with energy demand. Both positive and negative partial sum of GDP and emission of CO2 has direct relationship with energy demand. The long-run NARDL results indicate the absences of asymmetric between variables. Further, the ARDL bound test showed that long-run cointegration exits among the variables. The results showed that FDI adversely affects both long and short-term energy demand. However, GDP and CO2 emissions have a positive relationship with energy demand both in short-term and long-term. Results have suggested that Government should improve the law and order condition in the country to attract the foreign investors, imitates energy-intensive projects, reducing the energy imports dependency, increasing the usage of domestic resources and coping with climate change. Furthermore, Government should increase the usage of renewable energy in production and domestic consumption in order to decrease the emission of carbon dioxide in the environment

Energy Markets and Economics Ⅱ

This issue brings together a collection of papers that provide economic insights into the modern energy market, which is still dominated by crude oil but has expanded to incorporate new energy sources in the form of coal, natural gas, and a mixture of renewable energy sources. Given the differences in the dynamics at play with different energy sources, particularly in relation to price determination, the impact they have on the environment, their importance in the energy mix and energy policy, and so forth, it has become imperative to check their behavior using economic models. Papers 1–3 provide some perspective on oil price determination by focusing on the time-varying nature of supply shocks linked to oil producers (Paper 1), OPEC’s announcements (2), and the heterogeneous interconnections of supply or demand shocks over time horizons and different countries (3). Papers 4–6 compare different energy sources within the energy market and other markets (4); explore the importance of energy storage in the electricity market (5); and examine the dynamic relationship between prices of substitutes (oil price) on the natural gas market in China (6). The final four studies examine the impact of renewable and nonrenewable energy on the macroeconomy and the environment

Nexus of energy efficiency, carbon emission and economic growth in Nigeria

Given rising temperatures, climate change, the alarming increase in energy demand, and the importance of energy efficiency, there is a need for an increasing review subject matter. In this sense, policymakers develop various measures, including renewable adoption and energy efficiency. This study examined the causal effect of oil production and carbon emission from gas flaring on the economic growth rate in Nigeria from 1980-2021. The findings revealed that economic growth and energy consumption significantly increases energy-related emissions. An increase in income level influences investors and industrialists to invest in the industrial sector, increasing production, diversification, and expansion. However, increased production and expansion of industries increase energy demand. Energy demand met by consuming fossil fuel increases energy-related emissions in Nigeria and negatively affects environmental quality. More importantly, carbon emission impedes environmental sustainability and sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. The study is relevant to the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals agendas for two fundamental reasons: the world needs Sustainable Development Goal 7 – ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy by 2030. (b) Large extractive industries primarily drive growth in Nigeria, and the country's population is expected to double in about 30 years. Energy efficiency for inclusive development is very welcome. This is essential because studies have shown that the increase in unemployment (resulting from the underlying demographic change) would be accommodated by only the private sector, not the public sector