On strategic choices faced by large pharmaceutical laboratories and their effect on innovation risk under fuzzy conditions

ObjectivesWe develop a fuzzy evaluation model that provides managers at different responsibility levels in pharmaceutical laboratories with a rich picture of their innovation risk as well as that of competitors. This would help them take better strategic decisions around the management of their present and future portfolio of clinical trials in an uncertain environment. Through three structured fuzzy inference systems (FISs), the model evaluates the overall innovation risk of the laboratories by capturing the financial and pipeline sides of the risk.Methods and materialsThree FISs, based on the Mamdani model, determine the level of innovation risk of large pharmaceutical laboratories according to their strategic choices. Two subsystems measure different aspects of innovation risk while the third one builds on the results of the previous two. In all of them, both the partitions of the variables and the rules of the knowledge base are agreed through an innovative 2-tuple-based method. With the aid of experts, we have embedded knowledge into the FIS and later validated the model.ResultsIn an empirical application of the proposed methodology, we evaluate a sample of 31 large pharmaceutical laboratories in the period 2008–2013. Depending on the relative weight of the two subsystems in the first layer (capturing the financial and the pipeline sides of innovation risk), we estimate the overall risk. Comparisons across laboratories are made and graphical surfaces are analyzed in order to interpret our results. We have also run regressions to better understand the implications of our results.ConclusionsThe main contribution of this work is the development of an innovative fuzzy evaluation model that is useful for analyzing the innovation risk characteristics of large pharmaceutical laboratories given their strategic choices. The methodology is valid for carrying out a systematic analysis of the potential for developing new drugs over time and in a stable manner while managing the risks involved. We provide all the necessary tools and datasets to facilitate the replication of our system, which also may be easily applied to other settings

The effect of the drug "Cobazin" on the productive indicators of bee colonies

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the drug "Cobazin" on the productivity of bee colonies during the increase in strength (increase in the number of young bees in the bee colony) in spring and autumn. Materials and methods. Control and experimental groups were formed to test "Cobazin" feed supplement. It was fed 5 times with an interval of 5 days. Bee colonies from the control group received a pure sugar solution (1:1) in the amount of 0.5 liters per bee colony, and the experimental group received a sugar solution of 0.5 liters per bee colony (1:1) with the addition of the drug "Cobazin" in the amount of 2.5 g. Indicators characterizing the development of bee colonies were determined by a measuring frame of 5x5 cm in size, for 12 days to cover the total number of eggs laid by the queen bee during feeding. Four measurements were performed during the study. The results of the control and experimental groups were compared and the significance of the differences between them was established. There was a comparison of the difference between groups of bees both fed pure sugar syrup in a ratio of 1:1 and syrup with the addition of the drug "Cobazin". Results. It is proved that during the feeding period the number of brood in bee colonies that received feed supplement "Cobazin" increased significantly by 76 % (71 % in the group that received only sugar solution without this drug). Live weight of queen bees in colonies that were stimulated with "Cobazin" was actually 2 % higher compared to the control group. It was found that at the end of the bee season, bee colonies fed in May with the feed supplement "Cobazin" had significantly higher values of strength, number of sealed brood and live queen bees compared to those who received pure sugar solution. The brood in the control group was 25 % lower than in the experimental group. Conclusions. For the first time it was proved that the use of feed supplement "Cobazin" in combination with sugar solution has a positive effect on the features that characterize the development of bee colonies (strength, number of sealed brood) and their health productivity. The positive impact is observed not only during feeding, but also in subsequent periods of colony development

Data for: On strategic choices faced by large pharmaceutical laboratories and their effect on innovation risk under fuzzy conditions

The attached files contain the information of the Fuzzy Inference Systems that constitute the risk evaluation model proposed in the paperTHIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Data for: On strategic choices faced by large pharmaceutical laboratories and their effect on innovation risk under fuzzy conditions

The attached files contain the information of the Fuzzy Inference Systems that constitute the risk evaluation model proposed in the pape