9,944 research outputs found
RECENT DUALITY CONTRIBUTIONS IN PRODUCTION ECONOMICS
This article is a limited assessment of the agricultural production economics literature since 1982 that resulted from dual modeling approaches. Contributions have removed several perceived obstacles to dual modeling, such as testing curvature, identifying the technology when prices are collinear, and examining dynamics of production. Some contributions have also removed obstacles to primal modeling. Dual methods have been used in risk applications only recently and still appear less convenient than primal methods. Convenience may become the primary criterion for selecting primal or dual methods.Production Economics,
Characterizations of long-run producer optima and the short-runapproach to long-run market equilibrium: a general theory withapplications to peak-load pricing
This is a new formal framework for the theory of competitive equilibrium and its applications.Our "short-run approach" means the calculation of long-run producer optimaand general equilibria from the short-run solutions to the producer's profit maximizationprogramme and its dual. The marginal interpretation of the dual solution means that itcan be used to value the capital and other fixed inputs, whose levels are then adjustedaccordingly (where possible). But short-run profit can be a nondifferentiable function ofthe fixed quantities, and the short-run cost is nondifferentiable whenever there is a rigidcapacity constraint. Nondifferentiability of the optimal value requires the introductionof nonsmooth calculus into equilibrium analysis, and subdifferential generalizations ofsmooth-calculus results of microeconomics are given, including the key Wong-Viner EnvelopeTheorem. This resolves long-standing discrepancies between "textbook theory"and industrial experience. The other tool employed to characterise long-run produceroptima is a primal-dual pair of programmes. Both marginalist and programming characterizationsof producer optima are given in a taxonomy of seventeen equivalent systemsof conditions. When the technology is described by production sets, the most usefulsystem for the short-run approach is that using the short-run profit programme andits dual. This programme pair is employed to set up a formal framework for long-rungeneral-equilibrium pricing of a range of commodities with joint costs of production.This gives a practical method that finds the short-run general equilibrium en route tothe long-run equilibrium, exploiting the operating policies and plant valuations that mustbe determined anyway. These critical short-run solutions have relatively simple formsthat can greatly ease the fixed-point problem of solving for equilibrium, as is shownon an electricity pricing example. Applicable criteria are given for the existence of theshort-run solutions and for the absence of a duality gap. The general analysis is speltout for technologies with conditionally fixed coefficients, a concept extending that of thefixed-coefficients production function to the case of multiple outputs. The short-run approachis applied to the peak-load pricing of electricity generated by thermal, hydro andpumped-storage plants. This gives, for the first time, a sound method of valuing thefixed assets-in this case, river flows and the sites suitable for reservoirs.general equilibrium, fixed-input valuation, nondifferentiable joint costs,Wong-Viner Envelope Theorem, public utility pricing
On the Capacity of SWIPT Systems with a Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Circuit
In this paper, we study information-theoretic limits for simultaneous
wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems employing a practical
nonlinear radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting (EH) receiver. In particular,
we consider a three-node system with one transmitter that broadcasts a common
signal to separated information decoding (ID) and EH receivers. Owing to the
nonlinearity of the EH receiver circuit, the efficiency of wireless power
transfer depends significantly on the waveform of the transmitted signal. In
this paper, we aim to answer the following fundamental question: What is the
optimal input distribution of the transmit waveform that maximizes the rate of
the ID receiver for a given required harvested power at the EH receiver? In
particular, we study the capacity of a SWIPT system impaired by additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) under average-power (AP) and peak-power (PP) constraints
at the transmitter and an EH constraint at the EH receiver. Using Hermite
polynomial bases, we prove that the optimal capacity-achieving input
distribution that maximizes the rate-energy region is unique and discrete with
a finite number of mass points. Furthermore, we show that the optimal input
distribution for the same problem without PP constraint is discrete whenever
the EH constraint is active and continuous zero-mean Gaussian, otherwise. Our
numerical results show that the rate-energy region is enlarged for a larger PP
constraint and that the rate loss of the considered SWIPT system compared to
the AWGN channel without EH receiver is reduced by increasing the AP budget.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, submitted for possible conference publicatio
Dispersive Elastodynamics of 1D Banded Materials and Structures: Design
Within periodic materials and structures, wave scattering and dispersion
occur across constituent material interfaces leading to a banded frequency
response. In an earlier paper, the elastodynamics of one-dimensional periodic
materials and finite structures comprising these materials were examined with
an emphasis on their frequency-dependent characteristics. In this work, a novel
design paradigm is presented whereby periodic unit cells are designed for
desired frequency band properties, and with appropriate scaling, these cells
are used as building blocks for forming fully periodic or partially periodic
structures with related dynamical characteristics. Through this multiscale
dispersive design methodology, which is hierarchical and integrated, structures
can be devised for effective vibration or shock isolation without needing to
employ dissipative damping mechanisms. The speed of energy propagation in a
designed structure can also be dictated through synthesis of the unit cells.
Case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology
for several applications. Results are given from sensitivity analyses that
indicate a high level of robustness to geometric variation.Comment: 33 text pages, 27 figure
Grey-box Modelling of a Household Refrigeration Unit Using Time Series Data in Application to Demand Side Management
This paper describes the application of stochastic grey-box modeling to
identify electrical power consumption-to-temperature models of a domestic
freezer using experimental measurements. The models are formulated using
stochastic differential equations (SDEs), estimated by maximum likelihood
estimation (MLE), validated through the model residuals analysis and
cross-validated to detect model over-fitting. A nonlinear model based on the
reversed Carnot cycle is also presented and included in the modeling
performance analysis. As an application of the models, we apply model
predictive control (MPC) to shift the electricity consumption of a freezer in
demand response experiments, thereby addressing the model selection problem
also from the application point of view and showing in an experimental context
the ability of MPC to exploit the freezer as a demand side resource (DSR).Comment: Submitted to Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks (SEGAN). Accepted
for publicatio
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