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    Effects of Persuasive Dialogues: Testing Bot Identities and Inquiry Strategies

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    Intelligent conversational agents, or chatbots, can take on various identities and are increasingly engaging in more human-centered conversations with persuasive goals. However, little is known about how identities and inquiry strategies influence the conversation's effectiveness. We conducted an online study involving 790 participants to be persuaded by a chatbot for charity donation. We designed a two by four factorial experiment (two chatbot identities and four inquiry strategies) where participants were randomly assigned to different conditions. Findings showed that the perceived identity of the chatbot had significant effects on the persuasion outcome (i.e., donation) and interpersonal perceptions (i.e., competence, confidence, warmth, and sincerity). Further, we identified interaction effects among perceived identities and inquiry strategies. We discuss the findings for theoretical and practical implications for developing ethical and effective persuasive chatbots. Our published data, codes, and analyses serve as the first step towards building competent ethical persuasive chatbots.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. Full paper to appear at ACM CHI 202

    ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ: ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒ์šฉ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์ด์ค€ํ™˜."์ธ๊ฐ„-์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ"๊ณผ "์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜"์„ ๋„˜์–ด, "์ธ๊ฐ„-์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜"์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ AI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„-์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1) ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์š”์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ด€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ, 2) ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์…œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ, 3) ์ˆ™์˜ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„-์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ํ•™, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•œ ๋‹คํ•™์ œ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ด€์—ฌ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›น ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2 (์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค: ์›น ๅฐ ์ฑ—๋ด‡) X 2 (๋Œ€ํ™” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ: ํฌ๋ฉ€ ๅฐ ์บ์ฅฌ์–ผ) ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ์กฑํ™” ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๋‹ต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฑ—๋ด‡ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์›น ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋†’์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ—๋ด‡์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฑ—๋ด‡์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์บ์ฅฌ์–ผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋น„ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์…œ ์ฑ„ํŒ… ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด GroupfeedBot์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, GroupfeedBot์€ (1) ํ† ๋ก  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , (2) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, (3) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํƒœ์Šคํฌ (์ถ”๋ก , ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •, ์ž์œ  ํ† ๋ก , ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ œ)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ทœ๋ชจ(์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ์ค‘๊ทœ๋ชจ)์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ GroupfeedBot์œผ๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์™€ ํ† ๋ก ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์–‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ GroupfeedBot์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํƒœ์Šคํฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์œ  ํ† ๋ก  ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ GroupfeedBot์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ™์˜ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ DebateBot์€ GroupfeeedBot๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. DebateBot์€ (1) ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ-์ง์ง“๊ธฐ-๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ (Think-Pair-Share) ์ „๋žต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , (2) ๊ณผ๋ฌตํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ DebateBot์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ฌ์˜ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ด‰์ง„์€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋„๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„-์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ TAMED (Task-Agent-Message-Information Exchange-Relationship Dynamics) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The advancements in technology shift the paradigm of how individuals communicate and collaborate. Machines play an active role in human communication. However, we still lack a generalized understanding of how exactly to design effective machine-driven communication and discussion systems. How should machine agents be designed differently when interacting with a single user as opposed to when interacting with multiple users? How can machine agents be designed to drive user engagement during dyadic interaction? What roles can machine agents perform for the sake of group interaction contexts? How should technology be implemented in support of the group decision-making process and to promote group dynamics? What are the design and technical issues which should be considered for the sake of creating human-centered interactive systems? In this thesis, I present new interactive systems in the form of a conversational agent, or a chatbot, that facilitate dyadic and group interactions. Specifically, I focus on: 1) a conversational agent to engage users in dyadic communication, 2) a chatbot called GroupfeedBot that facilitates daily social group discussion, 3) a chatbot called DebateBot that enables deliberative discussion. My approach to research is multidisciplinary and informed by not only in HCI, but also communication, psychology and data science. In my work, I conduct in-depth qualitative inquiry and quantitative data analysis towards understanding issues that users have with current systems, before developing new computational techniques that meet those user needs. Finally, I design, build, and deploy systems that use these techniques to the public in order to achieve real-world impact and to study their use by different usage contexts. The findings of this thesis are as follows. For a dyadic interaction, participants interacting with a chatbot system were more engaged as compared to those with a static web system. However, the conversational agent leads to better user engagement only when the messages apply a friendly, human-like conversational style. These results imply that the chatbot interface itself is not quite sufficient for the purpose of conveying conversational interactivity. Messages should also be carefully designed to convey such. Unlike dyadic interactions, which focus on message characteristics, other elements of the interaction should be considered when designing agents for group communication. In terms of messages, it is important to synthesize and organize information given that countless messages are exchanged simultaneously. In terms of relationship dynamics, rather than developing a rapport with a single user, it is essential to understand and facilitate the dynamics of the group as a whole. In terms of task performance, technology should support the group's decision-making process by efficiently managing the task execution process. Considering the above characteristics of group interactions, I created the chatbot agents that facilitate group communication in two different contexts and verified their effectiveness. GroupfeedBot was designed and developed with the aim of enhancing group discussion in social chat groups. GroupfeedBot possesses the feature of (1) managing time, (2) encouraging members to participate evenly, and (3) organizing the membersโ€™ diverse opinions. The group which discussed with GroupfeedBot tended to produce more diverse opinions compared to the group discussed with the basic chatbot. Some effects of GroupfeedBot varied by the task's characteristics. GroupfeedBot encouraged the members to contribute evenly to the discussions, especially for the open-debating task. On the other hand, DebateBot was designed and developed to facilitate deliberative discussion. In contrast to GroupfeedBot, DebateBot was applied to more serious and less casual social contexts. Two main features were implemented in DebateBot: (1) structure discussion and (2) request opinions from reticent discussants.This work found that a chatbot agent which structures discussions and promotes even participation can improve discussions, resulting in higher quality deliberative discussion. Overall, adding structure to the discussion positively influenced the discussion quality, and the facilitation helped groups reach a genuine consensus and improved the subjective satisfaction of the group members. The findings of this thesis reflect the importance of understanding human factors in designing AI-infused systems. By understanding the characteristics of individual humans and collective groups, we are able to place humans at the heart of the system and utilize AI technology in a human-friendly way.1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Rise of Machine Agency 1.3 Theoretical Framework 1.4 Research Goal 1.5 Research Approach 1.6 Summary of Contributions 1.7 Thesis Overview 2. Related Work 2.1 A Brief History of Conversational Agents 2.2 TAMED Framework 3. Designing Conversational Agents for Dyadic Interaction 3.1 Background 3.2 Related Work 3.3 Method 3.4 Results 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusion 4. Designing Conversational Agents for Social Group Discussion 4.1 Background 4.2 Related Work 4.3 Needfinding Survey for Facilitator Chatbot Agent 4.4 GroupfeedBot: A Chatbot Agent For Facilitating Discussion in Group Chats 4.5 Qualitative Study with Small-Sized Group 4.6 User Study With Medium-Sized Group 4.7 Discussion 4.8 Conclusion 5. Designing Conversational Agents for Deliberative Group Discussion 5.1 Background 5.2 Related Work 5.3 DebateBot 5.4 Method 5.5 Results 5.6 Discussion and Design Implications 5.7 Conclusion 6. Discussion 6.1 Designing Conversational Agents as a Communicator 6.2 Design Guidelines Based on TAMED Model 6.3 Technical Considerations 6.4 Human-AI Collaborative System 7. Conclusion 7.1 Research Summary 7.2 Summary of Contributions 7.3 Future Work 7.4 Conclusion๋ฐ•

    Exploring player experience and social networks in MOBA Games: The case of League of Legends

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    A pesar de la popularidad de los juegos de arena de combate multijugador en lรญnea (MOBA en inglรฉs) como League of Legends (LoL), tanto la experiencia de jugador (PE) que proporciona este gรฉnero relativamente reciente como las redes sociales que se generan a su alrededor siguen, en gran medida, inexplorados. Con el incremento del tiempo que los jugadores dedican a este tipo de juegos competitivos en lรญnea, los impactos positivos y negativos de hacerlo cobran relevancia; es, por lo tanto, importante entender cรณmo se estructura dicha experiencia para abordar de forma sistemรกtica los mecanismos que desencadenan respuestas de los jugadores. El presente trabajo empieza obteniendo y caracterizando una muestra de jugadores de League of Legends y sigue con el uso de las variables resultantes y de la estructura de las relaciones sociales como entradas para explorar su relaciรณn con la experiencia de los jugadores. Al fin y al cabo, la PE es bรกsica para involucrar al jugador y, por lo tanto, es clave para el รฉxito de cualquier juego digital. Los resultados muestran, entre otros, cรณmo los jugadores de League of Legends perciben el juego como โ€œjustoโ€ para su nivel de competencia en cualquier rango, mientras que su afinidad respecto a los compaรฑeros se ve afectada por la estructura social. La empatรญa y los sentimientos negativos, no obstante, no parecen verse afectados por la composiciรณn del equipo. Entender la experiencia del jugador en League of Legends puede no tan sรณlo ser รบtil para mejorar el propio LoL o los juegos de tipo MOBA, sino tambiรฉn para desarrollar juegos mรกs inmersivos a la vez que se mejora su calidad. A medida que los juegos competitivos online se convierten rรกpidamente en una de las mayores actividades colectivas humanas a nivel global, la investigaciรณn sobre la experiencia del jugador adquiere tambiรฉn una importancia crucial

    Sexual Politics In Video Games: A League Of Legends Case Study

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    Despite decades of technological and social advancement, video games continue to support discourse of the heterosexual white male at the expense of marginalized individuals and their experiences. โ€œSexual Politics in Video Gamesโ€ builds upon previous scholarship regarding aesthetic representations and identity formation using one of the most popular video games, League of Legends (League), as a case study. Specifically, I ask: How should games acknowledge differing existences? How does representation and identification impact gameplay? How is identification formed during streaming? How does viewer-identity influence gameplay? How do viewer-identities interact and coexist? And, what does this mean moving forward? The first and second chapter of this project highlights the field and provides a review of scholarship regarding video games, history, and identification/representation. In the third chapter, I provide a brief history of video games and I offer an analysis of representation through character backgrounds in Leagueโ€™s lore. In the fourth chapter, I provide insight into how coded interactions and in-game representations impact a playerโ€™s identification. In the final chapter of this project, I discuss a brief history of eSports, how community identities are formed, how those identities interact with Leagueโ€™s gameplay, and what the larger implications are for eSports

    AN ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 MISINFORMATION ON THE TELEGRAM SOCIAL NETWORK

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    The proliferation of misinformation groups and users on social networks has illustrated the need for targeted misinformation detection, analysis, and countering techniques. For example, in 2018, Twitter disclosed research that identified more than 50,000 malicious accounts linked to foreign-backed agencies that used the social network to spread propaganda and influence voters during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Twitter also began removing and labeling content as misinformation during the 2020 U.S. election, which led to an influx of users to social networks, such as Telegram. Telegramโ€™s dedication to free speech and privacy is an attractive platform for misinformation groups and thus provides a unique opportunity to observe and measure how unabated ideas and sentiments evolve and spread. In this thesis, we create a dataset by crawling channels and groups in Telegram that are centered around COVID-19 and vaccine conversations. For analysis, we first analyze the topics and sentiments of the data using machine learning models. Next, we analyze the time series relationship between sentiment and topic trends. Then, we look for topic relationships by clustering performed on topic-based graph networks. Lastly, we cluster channels using document vectors to identify super-groups of related conversations. We conclude that Telegram communities risk producing echo chamber effects and are potential targets for external actors to embed and grow misinformation without hindrance.Lieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

    Ctrl Shift: How Crip Alt Ctrl Designers Change the Game and Reimagine Access

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    My journey as a disabled arts practitioner has been one of invention, hacking, and re-imagining what input systems could be. I have created my own modalities for creating work, rather than relying on commercially available options. This is a common practice within the disabled community, as individuals often modify and hack their surroundings to make them more usable. For example, ADAPT activists took sledgehammers to smash curb cuts and poured curb ramps with cement bags, ultimately leading to the widespread adoption of curb cuts as a standard architectural feature. As Yergeau notes, this type of "criptastic hacking" represents a creative resistance.(Yergeau, 2012) My interfaces and art projects are a combination of science fiction world-building, technology prototyping, and experimentation with novel ways of experiencing the world that work for my ability. I have been building interactive objects for over 20 years, and my bespoke controller games are both pieces I find comfortable to play and conceptual proposals that I share with the games community to spark consideration for alternative ways of interacting with games culture. This interdisciplinary design research herein crosses a range of disciplines, drawing inspiration from radical forms of cognitive science, games studies, feminist studies, HCI, crip technoscience, radical science fiction, disability studies, and making practices. What has emerged through studying my own practice and the practices of others during this research is a criptastic design framework for creating playful experiences. My research aims to gain a deeper understanding of the ways that hacking and remaking the world manifests as modifications to the design process itself. I created four versions of a physical alt ctrl game and conducted a design study with disabled artists and alt ctrl game creators. The game, Bot Party, was developed through a series of public exhibitions and explored my relationship between criptastic bespoke interface design and embodied experiences of group play. Bot Party involves physical interaction among players in groups to understand my own ways of designing, while the study looks three other disabled designers to understand the ways in which their process is similar or different to my own. By conducting this work, I aim to contribute to the larger conversation within the games studies community about the importance of accessibility and inclusivity in game design. The results highlight the need for continued exploration and development in this area, specifically in design methods. The studyโ€™s findings as they relate to my own practice revealed the importance of considering a set of values and design processes in relation to disability when creating games and playful experiences. With this perspective, I propose an initial framework that outlines possible key themes for disabled game designers. Using values as a starting point for creating deeply accessible games, this framework serves as a starting point for future research into accessible game design. This framework seeks to subvert the notion that accessibility is a list of UX best practices, audio descriptions, captions, and haptic additions and moves towards embedding within game design the values and practices used by disabled designers from the outset of the creative process. Access can be a creative framework. An important point to make is that my efforts to do a PhD resist the academic ableism limiting the participation of people who are not from a normative background. The act of creating this PhD has eaten at the edge of my ability, and the research here was often conducted in pain under extremely trying circumstances. This perspective is relevant because it often informed my design choices and thinking. Additionally, it was conducted at a university where I experienced active discrimination from members of staff who simply refused to believe in disabilities they could not see, and in one case writing down my disability was, โ€œself-ascribed.โ€ To work, I had to move outside the academy and seek out workshops which gave me accessible, ergonomic equipment as is discussed in the Bot Party section. This bears mentioning because it reflects on how threatening disabilities can be within academic settings and how even providing basic levels of accessibility remains a challenge for academic institutions. The above framework could benefit academia if used to redesign postgraduate academic research practices within the academy from a place of Crip-informed pedagogy. This is future work that this academic researcher hopes to explore in depth within their academic journey. It is important to note, much of the most relevant research to this thesis around disability studies and technology has emerged in recent years and as a result, was included iteratively in the literature review. It has informed the third study and my iterative design practice as part of the journey; however, I began this work before much of the writing in the literature review existed, including the creation of Bot Partyโ€™s first iterations. Finding this scholarship and these authors has been a kinning. Kinship, according to Gavin Van Horn, โ€œcan be considered a nounโ€ฆshared and storied relations and memories that inhere in people and places; or more metaphorical imaginings that unite us to faith traditions, cultures, countries, or the planetโ€ฆPerhaps this kinship-in-action should be called kinning.โ€ (Horn et al., 2021) Kinning happened throughout this work and this thesis served me as a place for discovery, contemplation, and empowerment. It is my hope sections of it will serve this function for others within my community. I found kinship with other authors working in the field of disability studies and technology, particularly with Alison Kafer, who offers a critique of Donna Haraway's cyborg in her book "Feminist Queer Crip." (Kafer, 2013) Kafer's work highlights the limitations of Haraway's cyborg as a figure of empowerment for marginalized bodies and identities, and instead advocates for a crip-queer-feminist perspective on technology and embodiment. Additionally, the author has also found resonance in the work of Aimi Hamraie and Kelly Fritsh, whose work in disability studies and HCI has been instrumental in shaping this research. Specifically, their concept of "crip technoscience" has been a key framework for understanding technology creation by disabled technologists. (Hamraie and Fritsch, 2019) Overall, it is my hope that this thesis will serve as a generative resource for others within the community on this journey, particularly for those who are working towards a more inclusive and intersectional understanding of technology and embodiment

    The Role of Automation, Bots and AI in Influencing Knowledge of the Past

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    This thesis explored the role of algorithms, automated computer programs (โ€˜botsโ€™) and artificial intelligence (AI) in the creation, interpretation and sharing of knowledge of the past online. It aimed to explore how these specific types of computational approaches influence the diversity of historical and cultural narratives that are researched and search through the Web, especially by institutions like museums and art galleries. The roles of the wide range of different stakeholders involved in these processes, from researchers to museum curators to software developers to interested users, were explored to better understand the human interactions often at the heart of automated approaches. The historical context of automation, bots and algorithms on the Web is explored with regard to their roles in influencing the production, interpretation and sharing of knowledge about the past. Three case studies follow to explore specific types of automated approaches in more detail: the sharing of art and artefacts from online gallery and museum collections via automated social media accounts (โ€˜social botsโ€™); the interpretation of historical figures and events by โ€˜chatbotsโ€™ through the Amazon Alexa platform; and the creation and sharing of historical knowledge and interpretation of online museum collections through the AI tool ChatGPT. I argue that these processes and their influence on knowledge of the past can only be properly understood through a theoretical approach that focusses on the complex human and computational interactions inherent in the production and sharing of knowledge online. Automated approaches all offer potential benefits to cultural heritage institutions looking to engage wider audiences with interpretations of the past, but existing biases in the data available and algorithmic methods involved poses significant risks to the historical accuracy and trustworthiness of such generated material. Greater collaboration and regulation are needed to prevent singular, uncritical interpretations dominating narratives of the past

    Rational Decision Support with a Natural Language Dialogue System

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    In the past decades, technological advance has led to a revival of natural language dia- logue systems (or conversational agents). Now, conversational agents are used for profes- sional purposes such as customer support, marketing, e-learning, and tutoring purposes, just to mention a few. They also have found their way into everyday life, e.g. as speech- based personal assistants on mobile devices or as freely available text-based information retrieval systems in the web. However, there are still many unexplored application areas for conversational agents. Personal coaching, for example, is a promising field. Coaching has been successfully applied across many areas, for example in human resource devel- opment, team-building, and improvement of various individual skills such as leadership, communication or sales, and to support humans with rational decision-making. Never- theless, personal coaching by a human coach or counsellor is very expensive and therefore only available to a limited circle of individuals in organizations. So far, conversational agents have not been extensively used for personal coaching purposes. This work intends to explore the potential of conversational agents for simulated hu- man coaching or consulting. Therefore, we have developed VPINO, a text-based dialogue system, intended for holding structured coaching conversations in German language. This work provides a detailed description of VPINO. A general maxim of many modern coach- ing approaches is to regard the client as the expert for the relevant problem, rather than seeing the coach as the expert for the clientโ€™s problem. VPINO aims to open up a new perspective and help the โ€œexpertโ€ develop his/her own solution. Instead of giving ad- vice or pushing the client into any certain direction, VPINO uses the technique of Socratic questioning, i.e. targeted questions to support clients to reflect on their goal accomplish- ment process. VPINO is an expert on structuring the userโ€™s implicit knowledge and merely assists the user like a human coach. The intelligence or value of our dialogue system is not in its ability in detailed understanding what the user says and will therefore not pro- vide answers to particular questions. The key is that, nevertheless, VPINO understands yet enough to keep control over the conversation, in a way that will not be noticed by the user. To do so, the system determines the dialogue act of each user utterance, i.e. the function of that utterance for the conversation. A suitable response is selected from a set of preformu- lated utterances, based on a model of potential dialogue act sequences. VPINO has been developed for application in the particular scenarios of (1) training transfer coaching for communication skills and (2) rational decision support. The effectiveness and usefulness of VPINO in both scenarios are evaluated in a series of user studies. For the scenario of training transfer coaching, we conducted a field experimental study that evaluates the effectiveness of coaching, right after participants received an online com- munication training. Training transfer, the application of newly acquired skills in everyday work, requires a maximum of support and reflection. Our results suggest that a computer- based coaching with VPINO can effectively provide this support and improve the partici- pants communication skills. Moreover, we explored the influence of the userโ€™s personality and behaviour when talking to the computer based coach. Whereas users that are more โ€œopen to new experienceโ€ particularly benefit from chat coaching with VPINO, more scep- tical and less cooperative users do not profit from using VPINO. For the scenario of rational decision coaching, VPINO was evaluated in a series of user studies. VPINO guides the users through a process of structured decision-making on a distinctly rational basis, in the spirit of Benjamin Franklinโ€™s method โ€œPros and Consโ€. Par- ticipants were free to talk about a decision problem of their own choice. Whereas VPINO could successfully help participants with rational problems, the conversation was less ef- fective with more emotionally stressful problems. However, participants with a generally less structured decision making approach particularly benefit from using VPINO. Partic- ipants that are generally more open to receiving support from an artificial coach evalu- ated the usefulness of the conversation higher than sceptical users. However, a high level of motivation and cooperativeness is required for fruitful conversation. In general, user expectations, behaviour, and willingness to cooperate have an influence on how users in- teract with the virtual coach. The use of chat language greatly varies between users in many dimensions, e.g. grammatical and syntactical correctness, style, length of answers, and politeness. This thesis shows that a natural language dialogue system can serve as a highly avail- able, cheap, low threshold solution to support a large target group, where a human per- sonal coach is not available

    Human resource management in the age of generative artificial intelligence: Perspectives and research directions on ChatGPT

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    ChatGPT and its variants that use generative artificial intelligence (AI) models have rapidly become a focal point in academic and media discussions about their potential benefits and drawbacks across various sectors of the economy, democracy, society, and environment. It remains unclear whether these technologies result in job displacement or creation, or if they merely shift human labour by generating new, potentially trivial or practically irrelevant, information and decisions. According to the CEO of ChatGPT, the potential impact of this new family of AI technology could be as big as โ€œthe printing pressโ€, with significant implications for employment, stakeholder relationships, business models, and academic research, and its full consequences are largely undiscovered and uncertain. The introduction of more advanced and potent generative AI tools in the AI market, following the launch of ChatGPT, has ramped up the โ€œAI arms raceโ€, creating continuing uncertainty for workers, expanding their business applications, while heightening risks related to well-being, bias, misinformation, context insensitivity, privacy issues, ethical dilemmas, and security. Given these developments, this perspectives editorial offers a collection of perspectives and research pathways to extend HRM scholarship in the realm of generative AI. In doing so, the discussion synthesizes the literature on AI and generative AI, connecting it to various aspects of HRM processes, practices, relationships, and outcomes, thereby contributing to shaping the future of HRM research
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