Stress behaviour across human tooth by temperature gradient resulting of laser irradiation

The authors report the simulation of temperature distribution and thermally induced stress in the premolar tooth under ND-YAG pulsed laser beam. The Three-Phase-Lag (TPL) non-Fourier model is proposed to describe the heat conduction in the human tooth with nonhomogeneous inner structures. A premolar tooth comprising enamel, dentin, and pulp with real shapes and thicknesses are considered and a numerical method of finite difference was adopted to solve the time-dependent TPL bio-heat transfer, strain and stress equations. The surface heating scheme is applied for simulation of laser therapy. The aim of this laser therapy is that the temperature of pulp reaches to 47oC. The results are achieved as a function of laser heat flux showed when laser beam is irradiated downward (from the top of the tooth), the temperature and thermally induced stress increase as a function of time. The temperature increment is high on the top layers of tooth that is a result of strong absorption of beams by enamel. The thermal stress and strain in the enamel and dentin layers are more than the pulp layer that is a result of weak thermal expansion of them proportional to the pulp layer

Surface modification of traditional and bioresorbable metallic implant materials for improved biocompatibility

Due to their strength, elasticity, and durability, a variety of metal alloys are commonly used in medical implants. Traditionally, corrosion-resistant metals have been preferred. These permanent materials can cause negative systemic and local tissue effects in the long-term. Permanent stenting can lead to late-stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis. Metallic pins and screws for fracture fixation can corrode and fail, cause loss of bone mass, and contribute to inflammation and pain at the implant site, requiring reintervention. Corrodible metallic implants have the potential to prevent many of these complications by providing transient support to the affected tissue, dissolving at a rate congruent with the healing of the tissue. Alloys of iron and manganese (FeMn) exhibit similar fatigue strength, toughness, and elasticity compared with 316L stainless steel, making them very attractive candidates for bioresorbable stents and temporary fracture fixation devices. Much attention in recent years has been given to creating alloys with ideal mechanical properties for various applications. Little work has been done on determining the blood compatibility of these materials or on examining how their surfaces can be improved to improve cell adhesion, however. We examined thethrombogenic response of blood exposed to various resorbable ferrous stent materials through contact with porcine blood. The resorbable materials induced comparable or lower levels of several coagulation factors compared with 316L stainless steel. Little platelet adhesion was observed on any of the tested materials. ^ Endothelialization is an important process after the implantation of a vascular stent, as it prevents damage to the vessel wall that can accelerate neointimal hyperplasia. Micromotion can lead to the formation of fibrous tissue surrounding an orthopedic implant, loosening, and ultimately failure of the implant. Nanoscale features were created on the surfaces of noble metal coatings, silicon, and bioabsorbable materials through ion beam irradiation in order to improve endothelialzation and bone cell adhesion. Gold, palladium, silicon, and iron manganese surfaces were patterned through ion beam irradiation using argon ions. The surface morphology of the samples was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while surface chemistry was examined through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle goniometry measurements. It was not possible to create nanoscale surface features on the surfaces of the gold and palladium films. At near normal incidence, irradiation produced ripples on the surfaces of Si(100), while oblique incidence irradiation produced nanoislands in the presence of impurities on the surface. Iron manganese irradiation resulted in the formation of blade-shaped structures for ion energies between 500eV and 1000eV, and significant iron enrichment at the surface. ^ Chemical treatment can also be used to create surface features that will enhance cell adhesion. Ti6Al4V is one of the most commonly used alloys for permanent orthopedic devices. The creation of a porous surface in order to improve osteoblast adhesion was achieved through chemical etching using acid-peroxide solutions. While phosphoric acid etched the grain boundaries, sulfuric and nitric acid preferentially etched grains of particular orientations, creating a spongy, porous morphology that has the potential to aid in osseointegration

Discrete-time modelling of diffusion processes for room acoustics simulation and analysis

Esta tesis está centrada en el modelado de la acústica de salas en espacios cerrados mediante el uso de una ecuación de transferencia radiativa y una ecuación de difusión En este trabajo se investiga cómo a través de estos modelos teóricos se pueden simular el campo sonoro en espacios complejos. Recientemente, el modelo de la ecuación de fusión ha sido prppuesto para ser utilizado en el modelado de la acústica de salas con superficies que reflejan el sonido de forma totalmente difusa. Este enfoque del uso de la ecuación de la disusión de sido intensamente investigado en los últimos años, ya que proporciona una alta eficiencia y flexibilidad para simular las distribuciones del campo sonoro en diferentes tipos de salas; sin embargo, sólo se han realizado unas pocas investigaciones con el objetivo de indagar sobre la precisión y las limitaciones de este método alternativo. Por lo tanto, en primer lugar se presenta un modelo basado en la ecuación de transferencia por radiación siendo meta principal el unificar una amplia gama de métodos geométricos de modelado de acústica de salas. Además, esta tesis está especialmente dedicada a establecer las bases y suposiciones que permitan obtener un modelo de difusión acústica como particularización del modelo de transferencia radiativa con el objetivo de conseguir una descripción clara y adecuada de sus ventajas y limitaciones desde el punto de vista teórico. Este trabajo permite enlazar directamente al modelo de la ecuación de difusión con el grupo de métodos de la acústica geométrica reforzando sus características y permitiendo una adecuada comparación con estos métodos ampliamente reconocidos. Una vez realizado este análisis teórico, esta tesis también se dedica a cuestiones relativas a la implementación numérica del modelo acústico de la ecuación de difusión . En este trabajo, se modela el campo sonoro a través de esquemas en diferencias finitas. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan soluciones simples y practicas que muestran unos requerimientos computacionales bajos tanto de consumo de memoria como de tiempo.Navarro Ruiz, JM. (2012). Discrete-time modelling of diffusion processes for room acoustics simulation and analysis [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1486

Validation de l'échographie haute fréquence pour l'évaluation des lésions d'ostéoarthrose

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

High order resolution and parallel implementation on unstructured grids

The numerical solution of the two-dimensional inviscid Euler flow equations is given. The unstructured mesh is generated by the advancing front technique. A cell-centred upwind finite volume method has been adopted to discretize the Euler equations. Both explicit and point implicit time stepping algorithms are derived. The flux calculation using Roe's and Osher's approximate Riemann solvers are studied. It is shown that both the Roe and Osher's schemes produce an accurate representation of discontinuities (e.g. shock wave). It is also shown that better convergence performance has been achieved by the point implicit scheme than that by the explicit scheme. Validations have been done for subsonic and transonic flow over airfoils, supersonic flow past a compression corner and hypersonic flow past cylinder and blunt body geometries. An adaptive remeshing procedure is also applied to the numerical solution with the objective of getting improved results. The issue of high order reconstruction on unstructured grids has been discussed. The methodology of the Taylor series expansion is adopted. The calculation of the gradient at a reference point is carried out by the use of either the Green-Gauss integral formula or the least-square methods. Some recently developed limiter construction methods have been used and their performance has been demonstrated using the test example of the transonic flow over a RAE 2822 airfoil. It has been shown that similar pressure distributions are obtained by all limiters except for shock wave regions where the limiter is active. The convergence problem is illustrated by the mid-mod type limiter. It seems only the Venkatakrishnan limiter provides improved convergence. Other limiters do not appear to work as well as that shown in their original publications. Also the convergence history given by the least-square method appears better than that by the Green-Gauss method in the test