On Modeling Three-Phase Flow in Discretely Fractured Porous Rock

Numerical modeling of fluid flow and dissolved species transport in the subsurface is a challenging task, given variability and measurement uncertainty in the physical properties of the rock, the complexities of multi-fluid interaction, and limited computational resources. Nonetheless, this thesis seeks to expand our modeling capabilities in the context of contaminant hydrogeology. We describe the numerical simulator CompFlow Bio and use it to model invasion of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminant through the vadose zone and below the water table in a fractured porous rock. CompFlow Bio is a three-phase, multicomponent, deterministic numerical model for fluid flow and dissolved species transport; it includes capillary pressure and equilibrium partitioning relationships. We have augmented the model to include randomly generated, axis-aligned, discrete fracture networks (DFNs). The DFN is coupled with the porous medium (PM) to form a single continuum. The domain is discretized using a finite-volume scheme in an unstructured mesh of rectilinear control volumes (CVs). Herein we present the governing equations, unstructured mesh creation scheme, algebraic development of fracture intersection CV elimination, and coupling of PM CVs over a fracture plane to permit asperity contact bridged flow. We include: small scale two-phase water-air and NAPL-water simulations to validate the practice of intersection CV elimination; small scale simulations with water-air, NAPL-water, and NAPL-water-air systems in a grid refinement exercise and to demonstrate the effect of asperity contact bridged flow; intermediate scale 3D simulations of NAPL invading the saturated zone, based on the Smithville, Ontario, site; intermediate scale 2D and 3D simulations of NAPL invading the vadose zone and saturated zone with transient recharge, based on the Santa Susana Field Laboratory site, California. Our findings indicate that: the formulation provides a practical and satisfactory way of modeling three-phase flow in discretely fractured porous rock; numerical error caused by spatial discretization manifests itself as several biases in physical flow processes; that asperity contact is important in establishing target water saturation conditions in the vadose zone; and simulation results are sensitive to relative permeability-saturation-capillary pressure relationships. We suggest a number of enhancements to CompFlow Bio to overcome certain computational limitations

Fluid trapping during capillary displacement in fractures

International audienceThe spatial distribution of fluid phases and the geometry of fluid-fluid interfaces resulting from immiscible displacement in fractures cast decisive influence on a range of macroscopic flow parameters. Most importantly, these are the relative permeabilities of the fluids as well as the macroscopic irreducible saturations. They also influence parameters for component (solute) transport, as it usually occurs through one of the fluid phase only. Here, we present a numerical investigation on the critical role of aperture variation and spatial correlation on fluid trapping and the morphology of fluid phase distributions in a geological fracture. We consider drainage in the capillary dominated regime. The correlation scale, that is, the scale over which the two facing fracture walls are matched, varies among the investigated geometries between L/256 and L (self-affine fields), L being the domain/fracture length. The aperture variability is quantified by the coefficient of variation (δ), ranging among the various geometries from 0.05 to 0.25. We use an invasion percolation based model which has been shown to properly reproduce displacement patterns observed in previous experiments. We present a quantitative analysis of the size distribution of trapped fluid clusters. We show that when the in-plane curvature is considered, the amount of trapped fluid mass first increases with increasing correlation scale Lc and then decreases as Lc further increases from some intermediate scale towards the domain length scale L. The in-plane curvature contributes to smoothening the invasion front and to dampening the entrapment of fluid clusters of a certain size range that depends on the combination of random aperture standard deviation and spatial correlation

Simulating the TCE DNAPL Source Zone Below the Water Table at the Santa Susanna Field Laboratory

Both 2D and 3D numerical models using the CompFlow Bio were built to simulate TCE introduced from 1940 through 1990 due to industrial activities, in the fractured bedrock with a turbidities sequence of sandstones with shale interbeds underneath the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL). The domain size is 50m x 0.3m x100m and the fracture apertures are 75 and 100 microns in the 2D conceptual model; while due to computational limits, the domain size is 5m x 5m x15m and the fracture apertures are 75 ~ 150 microns in the 3D conceptual model. The bulk hydraulic conductivity estimate from 2D simulation is on the level of 10-7 m/s, which is less than that estimate from 3D one whose values is on the level of 10-6 m/s. With the rock core VOC analyses for the source zone and outflow boundary (only for 2D domain) compared with field data from SSFL, it presents that NAPL is original dominant phase of TCE in the water, and then it tends to dissolve and so as to be finally fluxed out of the domain. And by investigating the mass flux of TCE in the aqueous phase exists the fence boundary in fracture and matrix, Flow through fracture is proved to be easier than that through matrix, and larger fractures become the main conduit

Site Investigation and Modelling of DNAPL Migration in a Fractured-Porous Media

The present work is in the area of site and computational investigations dealing with migration of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) within a discrete fractures network embedded in a porous rock media at field scale using numerical simulation. The migration of DNAPL in the subsurface is dependent upon surface parameters, subsurface aquifer parameters and other subsurface conditions. Generally, these aquifer parameters govern the temporal and spatial variability of a DNAPL. To understand the source zone architecture and dissolved plume movement in the subsurface, characterization of these relevant subsurface parameters is required with respect to space and time. The present study focuses on a systematic investigation and characterization of fluid and transport parameters at highly contaminated fractured-porous media site located at Smithville, Ontario, Canada. Data used to characterize the Smithville site include site geology, ground surface elevation, historical hydraulic head, hydraulic parameters from packer tests such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, analyses performed on borehole core samples, pumping rates from recovery wells, and contaminants transport parameters such as DNAPL concentration data. Geostatistical and statistical analysis have been used to generate information on groundwater flow direction, vertical hydraulic gradients, contaminant plume migration and source zone architecture. TCE concentrations and pumping rates have been used to estimate TCE mass removal from the site. Important parameters for use in the multiphase model have been developed, including capillary pressure curves and relative permeability curves for rock matrix and fractures, and pore throat radius of the rock matrix. DNAPL behaves differently in fractured-porous media than it does in porous media. To understand DNAPL behaviour in fractured-porous media, site specific conceptual model development to describe geological, hydrogeological, fracture network, and DNAPL occurrence is required. Prediction of the impact of source mass depletion at highly contaminated fractured-porous media site for achieving regulatory goals, as a contaminant concentration at a down gradient compliance boundary was evaluated using multiphase compositional model CompFlow. The results demonstrate that a large amount of non-aqueous phase DNAPL is present in the Vuggy Dolostone and the Tight Dolostone (23-28m, Low Vinemount) and a small amount is present in Permeable Dolostone (Eramosa). The peak concentration at the compliance boundary is much greater than the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for TCE of 0.005 mg/L for drinking water

DNAPL remediation of fractured rock evaluated via numerical simulation

Fractured rock formations represent a valuable source of groundwater and can be highly susceptible to contamination by dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). The goal of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of three accepted remediation technologies for addressing DNAPL contamination in fractured rock environments. The technologies under investigation in this study are chemical oxidation, bioremediation, and surfactant flushing. Numerical simulations were employed to examine the performance of each of these technologies at the field scale. The numerical model DNAPL3D-RX, a finite difference multiphase flow-dissolution-aqueous transport code that incorporates RT3D for multiple species reactions, was modified to simulate fractured rock environments. A gridding routine was developed to allow the model to accurately capture DNAPL migration in fractures and aqueous phase diffusion gradients in the matrix while retaining overall model efficiency. Reaction kinetics code subroutines were developed for each technology so as to ensure the key processes were accounted for in the simulations. The three remedial approaches were systematically evaluated via simulations in two-dimensional domains characterized by heterogeneous orthogonal fracture networks parameterized to be representative of sandstone, granite, and shale. Each simulation included a DNAPL release at the water table, redistribution to pools and residual, followed by 20 years of ‘ageing’ under ambient gradient conditions. Suites of simulations for each technology examined a variety of operational issues including the influence of DNAPL type and remedial fluid injection protocol. Performance metrics included changes in mass flux exiting, mass destruction in the matrix versus the fractures, and percentage of injected remedial fluid interacting with the target contaminant. The effectiveness of the three remediation technologies covered a wide range; the mass of contaminants destroyed were found to range from 15% to 99.5% of the initial mass present. Effectiveness of each technology was found to depend on a variety of critical factors particular to each approach. For example, in-situ chemical oxidation was found to be limited by the organic material present in the matrix of the rocks, while the efficiency of enhanced bioremediation was found to be related to factors such as the location of indigenous bacteria present in the domain and rate of bioremediation. In the chemical oxidation study, the efficiency of oxidant consumption was observed to be poor across the suite of scenarios, with greater than 90% of the injected permanganate consumed by natural oxidant demand. This study further revealed that the same factors that contributed to forward diffusion of contaminants prior to treatment are critical to this remediation method as they can determine the extent of contaminant destruction during the injection period. Bioremediation in fractured rock was demonstrated to produce relatively good results under robust first-order decay rates and active microorganisms throughout the fractures and matrix. It was demonstrated that under ideal conditions, of the total initial mass present, up to 3/4 could be reduced to ethene, indicating bioremediation may be a promising treatment approach due to the effective penetration of electron donor into the matrix during the treatment period and the ongoing treatment that occurs after injection ceases. However, when indigenous bacteria was assumed to exist only within the fractured walls of sandstone, it was found that under the same conditions, the rate of dechlorination was 200 times less than the Base Case. Since the majority of the mass resided in the matrix, lack of bioremediation in the matrix significantly reduced the effectiveness of treatment. Surfactant treatment with Tween-80 was proven to be a relatively effective technique in enhanced solubilisation of DNAPL from the fractures within the domain. However, by comparing the aqueous and sorbed mass at the start and end of the Treatment stage, it is revealed that surfactant treatment is not efficient in removing these masses that reside within the matrix. Furthermore, DNAPLs identified in dead end vertical fractures were found to remain in the domain by the end of the simulations across all scenarios studied; indicating that the injected surfactant experiences difficulty in accessing DNAPLs entrapped in dead end fractures. Altogether, the results underscore the challenge of restoring fractured rock aquifers due to the field scale limitations on sufficient contact between remedial fluids and in situ contaminants in all but the most ideal circumstances

Modeling coupled thermohaline flow and reactive solute transport in discretely-fractured porous media

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2005-2006Un modèle numérique tridimensionnel a été développé pour la simulation du système chimique quartz-eau couplé avec l’écoulement à densité et viscosité variable dans les milieux poreux discrètement fracturés. Le nouveau modèle simule aussi le transfert de chaleur dans les milieux poreux fracturés en supposant que l’expansion thermique du milieu est négligeable. Les propriétés du fluide, densité et viscosité, ainsi que les constantes chimiques (constant de taux de dissolution, constant d’équilibre, coefficient d’activité) sont calculées en fonction de la concentration des ions majeurs et de la température. Des paramètres de réaction et d’écoulement, comme la surface spécifique du minéral et la perméabilité sont mis jour à la fin de chaque pas de temps avec des taux de réaction explicitement calculés. Le modèle suppose que des changements de la porosite et des ouvertures de fractures n’ont pas d’impact sur l’emmagasinement spécifique. Des pas de temps adaptatifs sont utilisés pour accélérer et ralentir la simulation afin d’empêcher des résultats non physiques. Les nouveaux incréments de temps dépendent des changements maximum de la porosité et/ou de l’ouverture de fracture. Des taux de réaction au niveau temporel L+1 (schéma de pondération temporelle implicite) sont utilisés pour renouveler tous les paramètres du modèle afin de garantir la stabilité numérique. Le modèle a été vérifié avec des problèmes analytiques, numériques et physiques de l’écoulement à densité variable, transport réactif et transfert de chaleur dans les milieux poreux fracturés. La complexité de la formulation du modèle permet d’étudier des réactions chimiques et l’écoulement à densité variable d’une façon plus réaliste qu’auparavant possible. En premier lieu, cette étude adresse le phénomène de l’écoulement et du transport à densité variable dans les milieux poreux fracturés avec une seule fracture à inclinaison arbitraire. Une formulation mathématique générale du terme de flottabilité est dérivée qui tient compte de l’écoulement et du transport à densité variable dans des fractures de toute orientation. Des simulations de l’écoulement et du transport à densité variable dans une seule fracture implanté dans une matrice poreuse ont été effectuées. Les simulations montrent que l’écoulement à densité variable dans une fracture cause la convection dans la matrice poreuse et que la fracture à perméabilité élevée agit comme barrière pour la convection. Le nouveau modèle a été appliqué afin de simuler des exemples, comme le mouvement horizontal d’un panache de fluide chaud dans un milieu fracturé chimiquement réactif. Le transport thermohalin (double-diffusif) influence non seulement l’écoulement à densité variable mais aussi les réactions chimiques. L’écoulement à convection libre dépend du contraste de densité entre le fluide (panache chaud ou de l’eau salée froide) et le fluide de référence. Dans l’exemple, des contrastes de densité sont généralement faibles et des fractures n’agissent pas comme des chemins préférés mais contribuent à la dispersion transverse du panache. Des zones chaudes correspondent aux régions de dissolution de quartz tandis que dans les zones froides, la silice mobile précipite. La concentration de silice est inversement proportionnelle à la salinité dans les régions à salinité élevée et directement proportionnelle à la température dans les régions à salinité faible. Le système est le plus sensible aux inexactitudes de température. Ceci est parce que la température influence non seulement la cinétique de dissolution (équation d’Arrhenius), mais aussi la solubilité de quartz.A three-dimensional numerical model is developed that couples the quartz-water chemical system with variable-density, variable-viscosity flow in fractured porous media. The new model also solves for heat transfer in fractured porous media, under the assumption of negligible thermal expansion of the rock. The fluid properties density and viscosity as well as chemistry constants (dissolution rate constant, equilibrium constant and activity coefficient) are calculated as a function of the concentrations of major ions and of temperature. Reaction and flow parameters, such as mineral surface area and permeability, are updated at the end of each time step with explicitly calculated reaction rates. The impact of porosity and aperture changes on specific storage is neglected. Adaptive time stepping is used to accelerate and slow down the simulation process in order to prevent physically unrealistic results. New time increments depend on maximum changes in matrix porosity and/or fracture aperture. Reaction rates at time level L+1 (implicit time weighting scheme) are used to renew all model parameters to ensure numerical stability. The model is verified against existing analytical, numerical and physical benchmark problems of variable-density flow, reactive solute transport and heat transfer in fractured porous media. The complexity of the model formulation allows chemical reactions and variable-density flow to be studied in a more realistic way than previously possible. The present study first addresses the phenomenon of variable-density flow and transport in fractured porous media, where a single fracture of an arbitrary incline can occur. A general mathematical formulation of the body force vector is derived, which accounts for variable-density flow and transport in fractures of any orientation. Simulations of variable-density flow and solute transport are conducted for a single fracture, embedded in a porous matrix. The simulations show that density-driven flow in the fracture causes convective flow within the porous matrix and that the highpermeability fracture acts as a barrier for convection. The new model was applied to simulate illustrative examples, such as the horizontal movement of a hot plume in a chemically reactive fractured medium. Thermohaline (double-diffusive) transport impacts both buoyancy-driven flow and chemical reactions. Free convective flow depends on the density contrast between the fluid (hot brine or cool saltwater) and the reference fluid. In the example, density contrasts are generally small and fractures do not act like preferential pathways but contribute to transverse dispersion of the plume. Hot zones correspond to areas of quartz dissolution while in cooler zones, precipitation of imported silica prevails. The silica concentration is inversely proportional to salinity in high-salinity regions and directly proportional to temperature in low-salinity regions. The system is the most sensitive to temperature inaccuracy. This is because temperature impacts both the dissolution kinetics (Arrhenius equation) and the quartz solubility

Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Coupled Processes in Fractured Porous Media: Pressure Solution Creep

Pressure solution creep is a fundamental deformation mechanism in the upper crust. Overburden pressure that acts upon layers of sediment leaves grains densely packed. Nonhydrostatic stress distributed over the contacts between grains brings an enhancement effect on surface dissolution. As surface retreat over the contacts and hence grain repacking squeeze out pore water in the voids, the layers of sediment are deformed to become denser and denser. This work aims to identify what process slows down pressure solution creep over time. For this purpose, a new mechanistic model of pressure solution creep is developed, derived from the reaction rate law for nonhydrostatic dissolution kinetics under the hypothesis of a closed system. The present mechanistic model shows that (1) the creep rate goes down as a combined consequence of stress transfer across expanding contacts and concentration build-up in the interlayer of absorbed water; and (2) solute migration process acts as the primary rate-limiting process of pressure solution creep in the long run. This work then focuses on hydraulic evolution of channelling flow through a single deformable fracture which is simultaneously subjected to pressure solution creep. The developed 1-D reactive transport model is allowed to capture the strong interaction between channelling flow and pressure solution creep under crustal conditions. This numerical investigation provides a justified interpretation for the unusual experimental observation that fracture permeability reduction does not necessarily cause concentration enrichment. Temperature elevation contributes to accelerating the progression of pressure solution creep

Flow and transport in fractured geothermal reservoirs on different scales: Linking experiments and numerical models

Die Erdwärme stellt eine wichtige erneuerbare Energiequelle der Zukunft dar, um den Grundbedarf der Menschen an Wärme und Strom zu decken und die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen wie Erdöl und Kohle zu verringern. Die Internationale Energiebehörde schätzt, dass bis zum Jahr 2050 3,5% der weltweiten Energieversorgung durch Geothermie erfolgen können. Die Vorteile der Geothermie liegen dabei in der guten bedarfsabhängigen Regulierbarkeit sowie der uneingeschränkten weltweiten Verfügbarkeit bei gleichzeitig geringem Flächenbedarf. Darüber hinaus ist die Geothermie als eine der wenigen erneuerbaren Energien vollständig grundlastfähig und damit unabhängig von stark wechselnden Umwelteinflüssen, wie Windstärke oder Sonneneinstrahlung. Die größte Herausforderung bei der Geothermie liegt in der Erschließung von Niederenthalpie-Lagerstätten, die in Tiefen von einigen Kilometern liegen. Eine Möglichkeit hierzu stellt die Technologie des Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) dar, die geringdurchlässige Gesteinsschichten eines Reservoirs wirtschaftlich nutzbar macht. Bei EGS werden durch hydraulische Stimulation bestehende natürliche Kluftsysteme erweitert und neue Klüfte geschaffen und so ein effektiver Wärmeaustausch zwischen dem geklüfteten Reservoirgestein und zirkulierenden Fluiden ermöglicht. Bisher gibt es allerdings nur wenige Pilotanlagen, wie z.B. in Soultz-sous-Forêts, Frankreich. Der Nachteil dieser Technologie ist, dass die so entstandenen Klüfte nur einen sehr kleinen Teil des Reservoirvolumens darstellen und sich alle an der Fluidzirkulation beteiligten natürlichen und induzierten Prozesse auf engstem Raum abspielen. Das grundlegende Verständnis der hochlokalisierten physikalischen Prozesse und Wechselwirkungen stellt somit den Schlüsselfaktor für einen erfolgreichen, umweltverträglichen und sicheren Betrieb von EGS dar. Ein besonderes Augenmerk muss auf die gegenseitigen Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Kluft und dem zirkulierenden Fluid sowie dem damit verbundenen Transport von Wärme und gelösten Stoffen gelegt werden. Die Kluftöffnung wird oft vereinfacht als der Abstand zwischen zwei parallelen Platten dargestellt. In Wirklichkeit bestehen die Verbindungen zwischen zwei Bohrungen jedoch aus einem kleinräumigen Netzwerk einzelner Klüfte, die wiederum ein stark veränderliches inneres Porenvolumen aufweisen. Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Entstehung und geometrischen Beschaffenheit von bevorzugten Fluidwegsamkeiten in geklüfteten Reservoiren sowie der damit verbundenen Transportprozesse bei. Das übergeordnete Ziel der einzelnen Studien ist eine Verknüpfung experimenteller Untersuchungen mit numerischen Modellen, um die relevanten, teilweise skalenabhängigen physikalischen Prozesse in Klüften zu identifizieren und quantifizieren. In den ersten beiden Studien (Kapitel 4 und 5) werden eine Vielzahl von stochastisch einzigartigen granitähnlichen Kluftgeometrien erstellt. Anschließend werden numerische Modelle entwickelt, um die präferentiellen Fluidpfade und deren Eigenschaften im Klufhohlraum unter geothermie-typischen Strömungsbedingungen und unter Verwendung der komplexen Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen zu quantifizieren. Das Ziel der ersten Studie ist die Quantifizierung von räumlichen Unterschieden zwischen den dreidimensionalen und den vereinfachten zweidimensionalen Kluftmodellen. Ein Vergleich zwischen äquivalenten Modellierungen mittels der Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen und dem lokalen kubischen Gesetz erlaubt eine Vorhersage über die Gültigkeit dieser Vereinfachungen. In Abhängigkeit von Fließund Scherrichtung sowie dem angelegten Druckgradienten bilden sich in allen Klüften Kanäle aus, die einen großen Teil des Volumenstroms umfassen, während im Rest der Kluft nur geringe Anteile an Fluidbewegung zu beobachten sind. Innerhalb dieser Kanäle zeigen beide Fließgesetze eine gute Übereinstimmung sowohl für rein laminare als auch turbulente Strömungen (mit Reynolds-Zahlen deutlich über 1). Außerhalb von Kanälen ergibt sich unabhängig vom Fließregime für die zweidimensionale Vereinfachung eine deutliche Überschätzung des zu erwartenden Volumenstroms. In der zweiten Studie werden die einzelnen Kanäle innerhalb der dreidimensionalen Kluft hinsichtlich ihrer Geometrie sowie Transporteigenschaften quantifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine starke Anisotropie hinsichtlich der Fließ- und Scherrichtung. Obwohl eine senkrechte Ausrichtung von Strömung und Scherung zu einem deutlich verbesserten Durchfluss führt, haben die gut ausgebildeten und geraden Kanäle nur eine begrenzte Kontaktfläche mit dem umgebenden Gestein und behindern somit einen effizienten Wärmeaustausch. Anders ist dies bei einer parallelen Ausrichtung von Scherung und Strömung. In diesem Fall sind die Kanäle deutlich weniger ausgeprägt und haben zudem einen stark verlängerten absoluten Fließweg und damit verbundene höhere Kontaktfläche. Die dritte Studie (Kapitel 6) umfasst die Verknüpfung von Triaxialexperimenten, durchgeführt an zwei Sandsteinenderivaten mit steigenden Temperaturund Druckbedingungen, mit numerischen Modellen. Ziel ist eine Vorhersage der hydraulischen und mechanischen Gesteinseigenschaften eines potentiellen Reservoirgesteins. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine poroelastische Kompaktion des Gesteins sowie anschließende nichtlineare Deformation, welche beide mit numerischen Modellen vorhergesagt werden können. Das Drucker-Prager-Kriterium ermöglicht die Bewertung der kritischen Scherspannung unter Berücksichtigung der drei Hauptspannungen. Die Studie zeigt, dass kleinstskalige Veränderungen, wie die mineralogische Zusammensetzung, zwar die Materialeigenschaften des Gesteins beeinflussen, numerische und analytische Modelle dessen Verhalten dennoch beschreiben können. In der vierten und fünften Studie (Kapitel 7 und 8) werden die kleinskalig gewonnen Erkenntnisse sowie weiterführende Felduntersuchungen dazu genutzt, um ein Modell des großräumigen Strömungsregimes im geklüfteten Reservoir von Soultz-sous-Forêts zu entwickeln. In der vierten Studie wird ein Strukturmodell des Soultz-Reservoirs entwickelt und das Strömungsregime entlang von Klüften zwischen den einzelnen Bohrungen mittels numerischer Modelle bestimmt. Durch die Verknüpfung mit den experimentellen Daten mehrerer Zirkulations- sowie Tracerversuche kann das Strömungsregime in bohrlochfernen Bereichen des Reservoirs quantifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus kann eine geologische Struktur identifiziert werden, die die Bohrungen GPK3 und GPK4 zwar hydraulisch separiert, allerdings störungsparallel eine Anbindung an das Fließregime des Oberrheingrabens herstellt. In der fünften Studie wird auf Grundlage des zuvor entwickelten hydraulischen Modells die Sensitivität der Produktionstemperatur hinsichtlich verschiedener operativer Rahmenbedingungen (Injektionstemperatur und Fließraten) untersucht

Tracing back the source of contamination

From the time a contaminant is detected in an observation well, the question of where and when the contaminant was introduced in the aquifer needs an answer. Many techniques have been proposed to answer this question, but virtually all of them assume that the aquifer and its dynamics are perfectly known. This work discusses a new approach for the simultaneous identification of the contaminant source location and the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer which has been validated on synthetic and laboratory experiments and which is in the process of being validated on a real aquifer