32 research outputs found
Combined Time and Frequency Domain Approaches to the Operational Identification of Vehicle Suspension Systems
This research is an investigation into the identification of vehicle suspension systems from measured operational data. Methods of identifying unknown parameter values
in dynamic models, from experimental data, are of considerable interest in practice. Much of the focus has been on the identification of mechanical systems when both
force and response data are obtainable. In recent years a number of researchers have turned their focus to the identification of mechanical systems in the absence of a
measured input force.
This work presents a combined time and frequency domain approach to the identification of vehicle suspension parameters using operational measurements. An endā
toāend approach is taken to the problem which involves a combination of focused experimental design, well established forceāresponse testing methods and vehicle suspension experimental testing and simulation. A quarter car suspension test rig is designed and built to facilitate experimental suspension system testing. A novel shock absorber force measurement setāup is developed allowing the measurement of shock absorber force under both isolated and operational testing conditions. The quarter car rig is first disassembled and its major components identified in isolation using traditional forceāresponse testing methods. This forms the basis for the development of an accurate nonlinear simulation of the quarter car test rig. A
comprehensive understanding of the quarter car experimental test rig dynamics is obtained before operational identification is implemented. This provides a means of
validating the suspension parameters obtained using operational testing methods.
A new approach to the operational identification of suspension system parameters is developed. The approach is first developed under controlled simulated conditions before being applied to the operational identification of the quarter car experimental test rig. A combination of time and frequency domain methods are used to extract sprung mass, linear stiffness and nonlinear damping model parameters from the quarter car experimental test rig. Component parameters identified under operational conditions show excellent agreement with those identified under isolated laboratory conditions
Dynamics and Control of a Tilting Three Wheeled Vehicle
EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Dynamics and control of a tilting three wheeled vehicle
EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Analysis of vehicle rollover using a high fidelity multi-body model and statistical methods
The work presented in this thesis is dedicated to the study of vehicle rollover and the tyre and
suspension characteristics influencing it. Recent data shows that 35.4% of recorded fatal crashes in
Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) included vehicle rollover. The effect of rollover on an SUV tends to
be more severe than for other types of passenger vehicle. Additionally, the number of SUVs on the
roads is rising. Therefore, a thorough understanding of factors affecting the rollover resistance of
SUVs is needed.
The majority of previous research work on rollover dynamics has been based on low fidelity
models. However, vehicle rollover is a highly non-linear event due to the large angles in vehicle
body motion, extreme suspension travel, tyre non-linearities and large forces acting on the wheel,
resulting in suspension spring-aids, rebound stops and bushings operating in the non-linear region.
This work investigates vehicle rollover using a complex and highly non-linear multi-body validated
model with 165 degrees of freedom. The vehicle model is complemented by a Magic Formula tyre
model.
Design of experiment methodology is used to identify tyre properties affecting vehicle rollover. A
novel, statistical approach is used to systematically identify the sensitivity of rollover propensity to
suspension kinematic and compliance characteristics. In this process, several rollover metrics are
examined together with stability considerations and an appropriate rollover metric is devised.
Research so far reveals that the tyre properties having the greatest influence on vehicle rollover are
friction coefficient, friction variation with load, camber stiffness, and tyre vertical stiffness. Key
kinematic and compliance characteristics affecting rollover propensity are front and rear
suspension rate, front roll stiffness, front camber gain, front and rear camber compliance and rear
jacking force.
The study of suspension and tyre parameters affecting rollover is supplemented by an investigation
of a novel anti-rollover control scheme based on a reaction wheel actuator. The simulations
performed so far show promising results. Even with a very simple and conservative control scheme
the reaction wheel, with actuator torque limited to 100Nm, power limited to 5kW and total energy
consumption of less than 3kJ, increases the critical manoeuvre velocity by over 9%. The main
advantage of the proposed control scheme, as opposed to other known anti-rollover control
schemes, is that it prevents rollover whilst allowing the driver to maintain the desired vehicle path
Active variable geometry suspension for cars
This thesis investigates the characteristics and performance of a new type of active suspension for cars through modelling, simulation, control design and experimental testing. The Series Active Variable Geometry Suspension (SAVGS) concept is first put in context by reviewing the history and current trends in automotive suspensions. Its potential is then critically evaluated and work is carried out to maximise its performance for various suspension functions.
A multi-model multi-software modelling and simulation approach is followed throughout the
thesis in order to cross-check and substantiate simulation results in the absence of experimental data. The simpler linear models are used to inform the selection of suitable parameter sets for the case studies, to synthesise control systems and to qualitatively validate the more complex, nonlinear multi-body models. The latter are developed as a platform to virtually test the system and its control algorithms. When possible, these tests are based on standard open-loop test manoeuvres and on standardised external disturbances.
The SAVGS-retrofitted suspension displays a very nonlinear behaviour, which is at the same time a liability and an opportunity from the point of view of control. Nevertheless, different linear control techniques are effectively applied to improve various suspension functions: PIDs are applied to the lower frequency suspension functions such as mitigation of chassis attitude motions, and the Hā framework is applied to the higher frequency suspension functions such as comfort and road holding enhancement. In all cases, a cascade control approach is employed, and mechanisms are implemented to ensure that physical and design actuator constraints are always respected.
This thesis also covers the design and construction of a quarter-car experimental test rig facility. Step-by-step recommendations for its refinement as well as a testing plan are also outlined.Open Acces
Control of vehicle lateral dynamics based on longitudinal wheel forces
Trends show that on board vehicle technology is becoming increasingly complex and that
this will continue to be the case. This complexity has enabled both driver assistance systems
and fully automatic systems to be introduced. Driver assistance systems include anti-lock
braking and yaw rate control, and these diļ¬er from fully automatic systems which include
collision avoidance systems, where control of the car may be taken away from the driver.
With this distinct diļ¬erence in mind, this work will focus on driver assist based systems,
where emerging technology has created an opportunity to try and improve upon the systems
which are currently available.
This work investigates the ability to simultaneously control a set of two lateral dynamics
using primarily the longitudinal wheels forces. This approach will then be integrated with
front wheel steering control to assess if any beneļ¬ts can be obtained.
To aid this work, three diļ¬erent vehicle models are available. A linear model is derived for
the controller design stage, and a highly nonlinear validated model from an industrial partner
is available for simulation and evaluation purposes. A third model, which is also nonlinear,
is used to integrate the control structures with a human interface test rig in a Hardware in
the Loop (HiL) environment, which operates in real-time.
Frequency based analysis and design techniques are used for the feedback controller design,
and a feedforward based approach is used to apply a steering angle to the vehicle model.
Computer simulations are initially used to evaluate the controllers, followed by evaluation via
a HiL setup using a test rig. Using a visualisation environment in Matlab, this interface device
allows driver interaction with the controllers to be analysed. It also enables driver reaction
without any controllers present to be compared directly with the controller performance
whilst completing the test manoeuvres.
Results show that during certain manoeuvres, large variations in vehicle velocity are
required to complete the control objective. However, it can be concluded from both the
computer simulation and HiL results that simultaneous control of the lateral dynamics, based
on the longitudinal wheel forces can be achieved using linear control methods
Integration of anti-lock braking system and regenerative braking for hybrid/electric vehicles
Vehicle electrification aims at improving energy efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions which creates an opportunity to use the electric machines (EM) as Regenerative Braking System (RBS) to support the friction brake system. Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is part of the active safety systems that help drivers to stop safely during panic braking while ensuring the vehicleās stability and steerability. Nevertheless, the RBS is deactivated at a safe (low) deceleration threshold in favour of ABS. This safety margin results in significantly less energy recuperation than what would be possible if both RBS and ABS were able to operate simultaneously. Vehicle energy efficiency can be improved by integrating RBS and friction brakes to enable more frequent energy recuperation activations, especially during high deceleration demands. The main aim of this doctoral research is to design and implement new wheel slip control with torque blending strategies for various vehicle topologies using four, two and one EM. The integration between the two braking actuators will improve the braking performance and energy efficiency of the vehicle. It also enables ABS by pure EM in certain situations where the regenerative brake torque is sufficient. A novelmethod for integrating the wheel slip control and torque blending is developed using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC). The method is well known for the optimal performance and enforcement of critical control and state constraints. A linear MPC strategy is also developed for comparison purpose. A pragmatic brake torque blending algorithm using Daisy-Chain with sliding mode slip control is also developed based on a pre-defined energy recuperation priority. Simulation using high fidelity model using co-simulation in Matlab/Simulink and CarMaker is used to validate the developed strategies. Different test patterns are used to evaluate the controllersā performance which includes longitudinal and lateral motions of the vehicle. Comparison analysis is done for the proposed strategies for each case. The capability for real-time implementation of the MPC controllers is assessed in simulation testing using dSPACE hardware
Modelling and Optimization of Wave Energy Converters
Wave energy offers a promising renewable energy source. This guide presents numerical modelling and optimisation methods for the development of wave energy converter technologies, from principles to applications. It covers oscillating water column technologies, theoretical wave power absorption, heaving point absorbers in single and multi-mode degrees of freedom, and the relatively hitherto unexplored topic of wave energy harvesting farms. It can be used as a specialist student textbook as well as a reference book for the design of wave energy harvesting systems, across a broad range of disciplines, including renewable energy, marine engineering, infrastructure engineering, hydrodynamics, ocean science, and mechatronics engineering. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.routledge.com/ has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license
Unified modelling of aerospace systems: a bond graph approach
Systems Integration is widely accepted as the basis for improving the efficiency and performance of many engineering products. The aim is to build a unified optimised system not a collection of subsystems that are combined in some ad hoc manner. This moves traditional design boundaries and, in so doing, enables a structured evolution from an integrated system concept to an integrated system product.
It is recognised that the inherent complexity cannot be handled effectively without mathematical modelling. The problem is not so much the large number of components but rather the very large number of functional interfaces that result. The costs involved are high and, if the claims of improved efficiency and performance are to be affordable (or even achievable), predictive modelling and analysis will play a major role in reducing risk.
A modelling framework is required which can support integrated system development from concept through to certification. This means building a 'system' inside a computer and demonstrating the feasibility of an entire development cycle. The objective is to provide complete coverage of system functionality so as to gain confidence in the design before becoming locked into a full development programme with associated capital investment and contractual arrangements.
With these points in mind the purpose of this thesis is threefold. First, to demonstrate the application of bond graphs as a unified modelling framework for aerospace systems. Second, to review the main principles involved with the modelling of engineering systems and to justify the selection of the bond graph notation as a suitable means of representing the power flow (i.e. the dynamics) of physical systems. Third, to present an exposition of the bond graph method and to evolve it into a versatile notation for integrated systems.
The originality of the work is based on the recognition that systems integration is a relatively new field of interest without a mature body of academic literature or reported research. Apparently, there is no open literature on the modelling of complete air vehicles plus their embedded vehicle systems which deals with issues of integrated dynamics and control. To this end, bond graph concepts need to be developed and extended in new direction in order to facilitate an intuitive approach to the modelling of integrated systems
An investigation of multibody system modelling and control analysis techniques for the development of advanced suspension systems in passenger cars
The subject of this thesis is the investigation of multibody system modelling
and control analysis techniques for the development of advanced suspension
systems in passenger cars. A review of the application of automatic control to
all areas of automotive vehicles illustrated the important factors in such
developments, including motivating influences, constraints and methodologies
used. A further review of specific applications for advanced suspension systems
highlighted a major discrepancy between the significant claims of theoretical
performance benefits and the scarcity of successful practical implementations.
This discrepancy was the result of idealistic analytical studies producing
unrealistic solutions with little regard for practical constraints. The
predominant application of prototype testing methods in implementation studies
also resulted in reduced potential performance improvements.
This work addressed this gap by the application of realistic modelling and
control design techniques to practical realistic suspension systems. Multibody
system modelling techniques were used to develop vehicle models incorporating
realistic representations of the suspension system itself, with the ability to
include models of the controllers, and facilitate control analysis tasks. These
models were first used to address ride control for fully active suspension
systems. Both state space techniques, including linear quadratic regulator and
pole placement and frequency domain design methods were applied. For the
multivariable frequency domain study, dyadic expansion techniques were used
to decouple the system into single input single output systems representing
each of the sprung mass modes. Both discretely and continuously variable
damping systems were then addressed with a range of control strategies,
including analytical solutions based on the active results and heuristic rule-based
approaches. The controllers based on active solutions were reduced to
satisfy realistic practical limitations of the achievable damping force. The
heuristic techniques included standard rule-based controllers using Boolean
logic for the discretely variable case, and fuzzy logic controllers for the
continuously variable case