Extended state observer based load frequency controller for three area interconnected power system

In this paper, we develop a new extended state variable observer based LFC scheme for three-area interconnected power systems. The extended state observerbased load frequency controllers are developed which utilize disturbance estimation techniques. The propose control approach assures that the fluctuating things of the load frequencies reaches to a safer range and the load frequencies can also be made at a very minimal not to have an effect on power quality and power flow in multi-area interconnected power system. The results of the simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK done did not only address that the proposed newly control method works effectively but also change powerfully the parameter variations of the interconnected areas of the power system. Especially, it works very well to limit disturbances impact on interconnected areas in the system. Therefore, the performance of interconnected power system under different multi-conditions is simulated with the new control method to demonstrate the feasibility of the system

Energy Management Strategy Using ANFIS Approach for Hybrid Power System

Renewable Energy Sources are the promising hopes of upcoming years as they are abundant in nature and available free of cost. In addition to this, these sources are pollution-free which makes them a perfect substitute for fossil fuels. A Hybrid Power System (HPS) is one that has multiple power generating sources like Photo Voltaic (PV) system, Wind turbine, Fuel cell, etc. interconnected to supply electric power for varying demand requirements with / without energy storage backup. This paper concentrates on the automation for control and integration of Renewable energy systems Viz. PV system, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with Nickel-Metal-Hydride (Ni-MH) battery together with a variable load. The Proposed HPS mainly focuses on the use of PV which is 100% clean in nature with no toxic emissions on power generation. Here, the solar photovoltaic system with power extracting maximum by algorithm used as the major supply contributor in the HPS to meet with variable load demands. If there is a deficit of power supply from PV, the power from the Ni-MH battery / SOFC is utilized to meet the varying load demands. On the other hand, if there is excess supply from PV system, the excess energy will be stored in the Ni-MH battery. For efficient supply-demand balance, the HPS makes use of various control strategies namely Proportional Integral (PI) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

Addressing Instability Issues in Microgrids Caused By Constant Power Loads Using Energy Storage Systems

Renewable energy sources, the most reasonable fuel-shift taken over the naturally limited conventional fuels, necessarily deal with the self-functional microgrid system rather than the traditional grid distribution system. The study shows that the microgrid system, a comparatively low-powered system, experiences the challenge of instability due to the constant power load (CPL) from many electronic devices such as inverter-based systems. In this dissertation, as a methodical approach to mitigate the instability complication, AC microgrid stability is thoroughly investigated for each and every considerable parameter of the system. Furthermore, a specific loading limit is depicted by evaluating the stability margin from the small signal analysis of the microgrid scheme. After demonstrating all cases regarding the instability problem, the storage-based virtual impedance power compensation method is introduced to restore the system stability and literally extend the loading limit of the microgrid system. Here, a PID controller is implemented to maintain the constant terminal voltage of CPL via current injection method from storage. Since the system is highly nonlinear by nature, advanced nonlinear control techniques, such as Sliding Mode Control and Lyapunov Redesign Control technique, are implemented to control the entire nonlinear system. Robustness, noise rejection, and frequency variation are scrutinized rigorously in a virtual platform such as Matlab/Simulink with appreciable aftermaths. After that, a comparative analysis is presented between SMC and LRC controller robustness by varying CPL power. From this analysis, it is evident that Lyapunov redesign controller performs better than the previous one in retaining microgrid stability for dense CPL-loaded conditions. Finally, to ensure a robust storage system, Hybrid Energy Storage System is introduced and its advantages are discussed as extended research work

Machine Model Based Speed Estimation Schemes for Speed Encoderless Induction Motor Drives: a Survey

Speed Estimation without speed sensors is a complex phenomenon and is overly dependent on the machine parameters. It is all the more significant during low speed or near zero speed operation. There are several approaches to speed estimation of an induction motor. Eventually, they can be classified into two types, namely, estimation based on the machine model and estimation based on magnetic saliency and air gap space harmonics. This paper, through a brief literature survey, attempts to give an overview of the fundamentals and the current trends in various machine model based speed estimation techniques which have occupied and continue to occupy a great amount of research space

The Heuristic Dynamic Programming Approach in Boost Converters

In this study, a heuristic dynamic programming controller is proposed to control a boost converter. Conventional controllers such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) or proportional-integral (PI) are designed based on the linearized small-signal model near the operating point. Therefore, the performance of the controller during the start-up, the load change, or the input voltage variation is not optimal since the system model changes by varying the operating point. The heuristic dynamic programming controller optimally controls the boost converter by following the approximate dynamic programming. The advantage of the HDP is that the neural network-based characteristic of the proposed controller enables boost converters to easily cope with large disturbances. An HDP with a well-trained critic and action networks can perform as an optimal controller for the boost converter. To compare the effectiveness of the traditional PI-based and the HDP boost converter, the simulation results are provided

A Comprehensive Review on Constant Power Loads Compensation Techniques

Microgrid, because of its advantages over conventional utility grids, is a prudent approach to implement renewable resource-based electricity generation. Despite its advantages, microgrid has to operate with a significant proportion of constant power loads that exhibit negative incremental impedance and thus cause serious instability in the system. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on accomplished research work on stabilization of dc and ac microgrid. After reviewing these, microgrid system stabilization techniques are classified with required discussions. As found out in this paper, the stabilization techniques can basically be classified as compensation done: 1) at feeder side; 2) by adding intermediate circuitry; and 3) at load side. Finally, after analyzing the merits and drawbacks of each generalized technique, several infographics are presented to highlight the key findings of this paper

Machine model based Speed Estimation Schemes for Speed Encoderless Induction Motor Drives: A Survey

Speed Estimation without speed sensors is a complex phenomenon and is overly dependent on the machine parameters. It is all the more significant during low speed or near zero speed operation. There are several approaches to speed estimation of an induction motor. Eventually, they can be classified into two types, namely, estimation based on the machine model and estimation based on magnetic saliency and air gap space harmonics. This paper, through a brief literature survey, attempts to give an overview of the fundamentals and the current trends in various machine model based speed estimation techniques which have occupied and continue to occupy a great amount of research space

Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids

[EN] Microgrids have emerged as a solution to address new challenges in power systems with the integration of distributed energy resources (DER). Inverter-based microgrids (IBMG) need to implement proper control systems to avoid stability and reliability issues. Thus, several researchers have introduced multi-objective control strategies for distributed generation on IBMG. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by several authors of multi-objective control. This work describes the main features of the inverter as a key component of microgrids. Details related to accomplishing efficient generation from a control systems' view have been observed. This study addresses the potential of multi-objective control to overcome conflicting objectives with balanced results. 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International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 95, 188-201. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.08.027Golshannavaz, S., & Mortezapour, V. (2018). A generalized droop control approach for islanded DC microgrids hosting parallel-connected DERs. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 237-245. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.038Safa, A., Madjid Berkouk, E. L., Messlem, Y., & Gouichiche, A. (2018). A robust control algorithm for a multifunctional grid tied inverter to enhance the power quality of a microgrid under unbalanced conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 100, 253-264. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.02.042Andishgar, M. H., Gholipour, E., & Hooshmand, R. (2017). An overview of control approaches of inverter-based microgrids in islanding mode of operation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1043-1060. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.267Li, Z., Zang, C., Zeng, P., Yu, H., Li, S., & Bian, J. (2017). 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Maximum power extraction from wind turbines using a fault-tolerant fractional-order nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller

This work presents a nonlinear control approach to maximise the power extraction of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) operating below their rated wind speeds. Due to nonlinearities associated with the dynamics of WECSs, the stochastic nature of wind, and the inevitable presence of faults in practice, developing reliable fault-tolerant control strategies to guarantee maximum power production of WECSs has always been considered important. A fault-tolerant fractional-order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (FNTSMC) strategy to maximize the captured power of wind turbines (WT) subjected to actuator faults is developed. A nonsingular terminal sliding surface is proposed to ensure fast finite-time convergence, whereas the incorporation of fractional calculus in the controller enhances the convergence speed of system states and simultaneously suppresses chattering, resulting in extracted power maximisation by precisely tracking the optimum rotor speed. Closed-loop stability is analysed and validated through the Lyapunov stability criterion. Comparative numerical simulation analysis is carried out on a two-mass WT, and superior power production performance of the proposed method over other methods is demonstrated, both in fault-free and faulty situations