Digital Motion Imagery, Interoperability Challenges for Space Operations

With advances in available bandwidth from spacecraft and between terrestrial control centers, digital motion imagery and video is becoming more practical as a data gathering tool for science and engineering, as well as for sharing missions with the public. The digital motion imagery and video industry has done a good job of creating standards for compression, distribution, and physical interfaces. Compressed data streams can easily be transmitted or distributed over radio frequency, internet protocol, and other data networks. All of these standards, however, can make sharing video between spacecraft and terrestrial control centers a frustrating and complicated task when different standards and protocols are used by different agencies. This paper will explore the challenges presented by the abundance of motion imagery and video standards, interfaces and protocols with suggestions for common formats that could simplify interoperability between spacecraft and ground support systems. Real-world examples from the International Space Station will be examined. The paper will also discuss recent trends in the development of new video compression algorithms, as well likely expanded use of Delay (or Disruption) Tolerant Networking nodes

The Middle Class Tax Relief And Job Creation Act Of 2012 And Its Impact On Television Broadcasting And Future Broadband Wireless Communications

The upcoming Incentive Auction for the 600 MHz band will cause the relocation of hundreds of UHF television stations while potentially freeing up as much as 120 MHz of valuable electromagnetic spectrum for utilization by wireless communications providers. This new wireless spectrum will allow wireless providers to increase their wireless broadband capabilities and feed the ever-growing demand by consumers for more wireless broadband capacity. This thesis addresses the mechanics of the proposed auction platforms, the impact the auction will have on existing television broadcasters, and explores some of the possible future opportunities the repurposing of the 600 MHz band presents to wireless communications providers and consumers

Small and optically thin clouds in the trades

The trades and the inherent trade cumulus clouds cover large parts of the tropical oceans. Trade cumulus clouds are ubiquitous but also very small in their horizontal and vertical extent posing huge challenges on observing systems such as satellite imagers. Climate models exhibit a significant spread in the response of trade cumulus clouds to global warming motivating their intense study in recent years. Within this thesis, I use high-resolution satellite images to gain new insights on small and optically thin clouds in the trades. The way trade wind clouds change with surface warming is decisive for their feedback, which defines whether clouds further amplify or dampen the warming of the climate system. Cloud feedback estimates can be investigated from so-called cloud-controlling factors, their relation to cloud properties in the current climate and their change with global warming. Results from my first study indicate a wind-speed driven boundary layer in the trades. The surface trade winds show the most powerful control on cloud properties such as cloud sizes, top heights or cloud clustering. Furthermore, the Bowen ratio was firstly tested from observations and emerges as a potential new control factor. Trade cumulus cloud properties also show a susceptibility to the sea surface temperature and the stability of the lower troposphere which are both projected to change in a warming climate and may thus impact cloud feedbacks. Investigating cloud-controlling factors is an ongoing task and seems to be within reach from extensive measurements of the recent field campaign EUREC4A. First analysis of cloud observations from multiple instruments indicate the frequent occurrence of not only small, but also optically thin clouds. Due to their low reflectance, such clouds are challenging to detect from passive imagers. High- resolution imagers are able to detect small clouds, but, do conventional satellite cloud products still miss optically thin clouds? Within another study, I follow a new approach for defining the total cloud cover consisting of clouds detected by conventional cloud masking schemes and of undetected optically thin clouds. By simulating the well-understood clear-sky signal I can extract clouds as a residual from the all-sky observation and circumvent conventional but problematic thresholding tests in cloud masking schemes. From evaluating a high-resolution satellite dataset collected during EUREC4A, I find that optically thin clouds contribute 45 % to the total cloud cover and reduces the average cloud reflectance by 29 %. Undetected optically thin clouds can have major implications for estimates of the radiative effect of clouds and thus, cloud feedbacks

Implementation of a VLC HDTV Distribution System for Consumer Premises

A unidirectional, visible light communication (VLC) system intended for the distribution of Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), high-definition television (HDTV) content to DVB compatible TVs within consumer premises is presented. The system receives off-air HDTV content through a consumer grade DVB-T/T2 terrestrial set-top-box (STB) and re-encodes its Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) transport stream (TS) using a pulse position modulation (PPM) scheme called inversion offset PPM (IOPPM). The re-encoded TS is used to intensity modulate (IM) a blue light-emitting diode (LED) operating at a wavelength of 470 nm. Directed line-of-sight (DLOS) transmission is used over a free-space optical (FSO) channel exhibiting a Gaussian impulse response. A direct-detection (DD) receiver is used to detect the transmitted IOPPM stream, which is then decoded to recover the original MPEG TS. A STB supporting a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) is used to decode the MPEG TS and enable connectivity to an HD monitor. The system is presented as a complementary or an alternative distribution system to existing Wi-Fi and power-line technologies. VLC connectivity is promoted as a safer, securer, unlicensed and unregulated approach. The system is intended to enable TV manufacturers to reduce costs by, firstly, relocating the TV’s region specific radio frequency (RF) tuner and demodulator blocks to an external STB capable of supporting DVB reception standards, and, secondly, by eliminating all input and output connectors interfaces from the TV. Given the current trend for consumers to wall-mount TVs, the elimination of all connector interfaces, except the power cable, makes mounting simpler and easier. The operation of the final system was verified using real-world, off-air broadcast DVB-T/T2 channels supporting HDTV content. A serial optical transmission at a frequency of 66 MHz was achieved. The system also achieved 60 Mbit/s, error free transmission over a distance of 1.2 m without using error correction techniques. The methodology used to realise the system was a top-down, modular approach. Results were obtained from electrical modelling, simulation and experimental techniques, and using time-domain and FFT based measurements and analysis. The modular approach was adopted to enable design, development and testing of the subsystems independently of the overall system

Broadcasting

In 1999, the Commonwealth Government referred the Broadcasting Services Act and related legislation to the Productivity Commission for inquiry and report within twelve months. The inquiry stems from the Government’s commitment under the Competition Principles Agreement to review legislation for its anticompetitive effects and covers the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (including the 1998 digital conversion amendments), Broadcasting Services (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Act 1992, Radio Licence Fees Act 1964 and the Television Licence Fees Act 1964. The Commission was to advise on practical courses of action to improve competition, efficiency and the interests of consumers in broadcasting service.broadcasting - digital television - media ownership - legislation - licensing - radio - television - tv - spectrum - airwaves - cultural diversity - local contect - radiofrequency - public interest - competition principles agreement - media - news - indigenous broadcasting - audiovisual - film - spectrum management - narrowcaster - analog - analogue - digital - cross-media - audience - sport - convergence - programs - programming - standards

Vision 21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace

The symposium Vision-21: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in the Era of Cyberspace was held at the NASA Lewis Research Center on March 30-31, 1993. The purpose of the symposium was to simulate interdisciplinary thinking in the sciences and technologies which will be required for exploration and development of space over the next thousand years. The keynote speakers were Hans Moravec, Vernor Vinge, Carol Stoker, and Myron Krueger. The proceedings consist of transcripts of the invited talks and the panel discussion by the invited speakers, summaries of workshop sessions, and contributed papers by the attendees

Three Dimensional Bistatic Tomography Using HDTV

The thesis begins with a review of the principles of diffraction and reflection tomography; starting with the analytic solution to the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation, after linearization by the Born approximation (the weak scatterer solution), and arriving at the Filtered Back Projection (Propagation) method of reconstruction. This is followed by a heuristic derivation more directly couched in the radar imaging context, without the rigor of the general inverse problem solution and more closely resembling an imaging turntable or inverse synthetic aperture radar. The heuristic derivation leads into the concept of the line integral and projections (the Radon Transform), followed by more general geometries where the plane wave approximation is invalid. We proceed next to study of the dependency of reconstruction on the space-frequency trajectory, combining the spatial aperture and waveform. Two and three dimensional apertures, monostatic and bistatic, fully and sparsely sampled and including partial apertures, with controlled waveforms (CW and pulsed, with and without modulation) define the filling of k-space and concomitant reconstruction performance. Theoretical developments in the first half of the thesis are applied to the specific example of bistatic tomographic imaging using High Definition Television (HDTV); the United States version of DVB-T. Modeling of the HDTV waveform using pseudonoise modulation to represent the hybrid 8VSB HDTV scheme and the move-stop-move approximation established the imaging potential, employing an idealized, isotropic 18 scatterer. As the move-stop-move approximation places a limitation on integration time (in cross correlation/pulse compression) due to transmitter/receiver motion, an exact solution for compensation of Doppler distortion is derived. The concept is tested with the assembly and flight test of a bistatic radar system employing software-defined radios (SDR). A three dimensional, bistatic collection aperture, exploiting an elevated commercial HDTV transmitter, is focused to demonstrate the principle. This work, to the best of our knowledge, represents a first in the formation of three dimensional images using bistatically-exploited television transmitters