A Healthy Game-Theoretic Evaluation of NATO and Indonesia's Policies in the Context of International Law

This study examines the policies of two prominent actors, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Indonesia while considering their adherence to international law. The analysis is conducted through the lens of game theory, which provides a framework for evaluating strategic interactions in the cyber domain. This study aims to explore how game theory can be applied to assess the policies of NATO and Indonesia in combating and to establish the link between game-theoretic evaluation and conflict resolution in Indonesia's cyber landscape. By understanding strategic interactions and motivations of various actors, this study seeks to provide insights into fostering international cooperation, promoting responsible state behavior, and enhancing cybersecurity. This study employs a qualitative research design, relying on literature reviews, policy analyses, and case studies to examine the cybersecurity policies of NATO and Indonesia. Game theory serves as the primary analytical framework to model cyber conflicts and interactions between different actors. The policies of NATO and Indonesia are evaluated concerning cooperation, competition, and compliance with international law. The analysis reveals that both NATO and Indonesia employ distinct approaches to combating. NATO's collective response emphasizes coordination, information sharing, and cooperative defense strategies, reinforcing international cybersecurity efforts. On the other hand, Indonesia's response is shaped by its unique challenges and priorities, leading to tailored policies and collaborations. Game-theoretic evaluation establishes the importance of cooperation, deterrence, and adherence to international law in resolving conflicts arising from cyber threats in Indonesia. This research highlights the significance of international partnerships, capacity building, and context-specific best practices for a more secure digital environment in Indonesia and beyond. Ultimately, game-theoretic evaluation proves instrumental in shaping effective cybersecurity strategies and promoting responsible behavior in the ever-evolving cyber landscape

“NATO 2030”: survival in a new era

NATO is going through a time of high complexity, resulting largely from the deep internal divisions that limit its ability to deal with the various strategic challenges. Based on the recently published document “NATO 2030: United for a new era”, which analyses the strategic environment and recommends a set of lines of action for the organization over the next ten years, this article argues that most of the proposed measures to strengthen the Alliance's political cohesion can only be successfully implemented if two essential measures are taken: rapprochement with Turkey and strengthening cooperation with the EU. The survival of NATO is also dependent on the identification of a common threat, fundamental to this type of community, a condition that currently does not exist, especially in relation to the two identified systemic adversaries: Russia and China

NATO Cyber Defence, 2000-2022

The emergence of more devastating and organized cyber attacks by non-attributable threat actors internationally raises questions about whether classical deterrence theory in its contemporary form has assisted important military defence alliances, like the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), to adapt to the changing threat landscape. The timeline of the NATO Alliance\u27s adaptation to external cyber threats is examined at critical historical junctures. Changes and adaptation within internal policy-making processes at NATO headquarters and its affiliated centres, think tanks, and military bases are analysed with input from informed decision-makers. The research project demonstrates that NATO policy substantively changed over the period 2000 to June 30, 2022 because the scale and measure of cyber capabilities among 30 NATO Allies (particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic) contributed to a two-decade pattern of increasing defensive preparations, including new technologies, extensive military exercises, and military planning intended to counter amplifying hybrid threats in the \u27gray zone\u27 of conventional warfare. NATO implemented different security solutions to cyber space challenges, demonstrating the application of contemporary deterrence theory to current policy. Critical junctures, like major international precedent-setting cyber attacks, influenced cyber defence policy developments at NATO and internal policymaking processes like NATO Summitry. Two conceptual lenses—historical institutionalism and social learning—illuminate understanding of the evolution of NATO\u27s policy development, military exercises, and the training initiatives of affiliated NATO organizations over the period 2000-2022

NATO and Offensive Cybersecurity: A Strategic Analysis

This thesis presents a strategic analysis on the possibility of use of offensive cyber capabilities by NATO in its defensive efforts. There is a vast array of academic literature regarding the strategic value of the use of offensive capabilities in cybersecurity, and NATO's cyber posture, however, there is little available regarding the relationship between both. Through the use of tools borrowed from Strategic Studies, this thesis attempts to determine whether it is possible to formulate valid cybersecurity strategies for the use of offensive cyber capabilities from the combination of known academic concepts with current NATO capabilities. The thesis also analyzes the possible implications of using such strategies as well as the underlying causes of their potential success or failure. Viana, André Lopes C. NATO and Offensive Cybersecurity: A Strategic Analysis, [number of pages]p. Master Thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies. Supervisor PhDr. Vít Střítecký, M.Phil., Ph.D.Katedra bezpečnostních studiíDepartment of Security StudiesFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě

Doubling NATO: Functional and Geographical Enlargement of the Alliance

This dissertation studies NATO expansion as institutional adaptation. More specifically, it examines the interaction between NATO\u27s functional and geographical enlargement. This study asserts that there is a close relationship between NATO\u27s new functions and its enlargement. Over time, NATO evolved from a collective defense alliance to a comprehensive security organization. As NATO undertook new functions, its capabilities no longer matched the requirements of the new functions. The geographical enlargement, in fact, constitutes a vehicle for the fulfillment of the capability shortfall. Furthermore, this dissertation asserts that the new security environment will force NATO to focus on the regions at a strategic distance. More specifically, the Black Sea corridor will be the next area for NATO engagement. New functions such as energy security may bring new members from the wider Black Sea region into the club. The case studies offer a detailed analysis of NATO\u27s post Cold War functional and geographical enlargement. The second case study also highlights the fact that there is no an automatic geographical enlargement as a result of new NATO functions. The timing of dissertation coincides with a significant transformation in NATO\u27s structure and core tasks. 2010 will be the year of a NEW NATO with a new peace establishment and strategic concept. NATO will still be a relevant Euro-Atlantic organization with a global area of responsibility in the twenty-first century security environment for as long as it continues to protect the vital interests of its members

NATO's 2022 Strategic Concept: Analysis and implications for Austria

Das längst überfällige neue Strategische Konzept der NATO, das auf dem Madrider Gipfel im Juni 2022 angenommen wurde, bietet mittelfristig klare Leitlinien für das Atlantische Bündnis. Der Krieg in der Ukraine hat den Alliierten einen starken Impuls gegeben, die Identität der NATO, ihre Kernaufgaben sowie ihren Blick auf Russland und China zu überdenken. Der neue abschreckungs- und verteidigungszentrierte Ansatz der NATO hat bereits zu einer großen Veränderung unserer Sicherheitsarchitektur geführt, insbesondere an der Ostflanke Europas. Ohne seine historische Neutralität zu untergraben, könnte Österreich sie angesichts des "Neustarts" der NATO neu interpretieren und diese Gelegenheit nutzen, um seine Partnerschaft mit dem Bündnis neu zu beleben.Adopted at the Madrid Summit in June 2022, the long-overdue NATO's new Strategic Concept provides a clear set of guidelines for the Atlantic Alliance in a mid-term perspective. The war in Ukraine has provided the Allies with a powerful catalyst to reconsider NATO's identity, core missions, as well as their vision of Russia and China. NATO's new deterrence and defence-centric approach has already entailed a major shift in our security architecture, especially on Europe's eastern flank. Without undermining its historical neutrality, Austria might reinterpret it in light of NATO's "reset" and use this opportunity to reinvigorate its partnership with the Alliance

Budoucnost NATO: mezi teritoriální obranou a expedičními operacemi

This diploma thesis deals with the development of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) emphasizing the Alliance's capability to adequately adapt to the ever- changing security environment. Using the historical turning points and the experiences gained during the various activities the dissertation's focus is on the future of NATO. The first part of the thesis consists of an overview of the four main stages of the NATO development. The first phase (1949-1990) is the Cold War period, when the member states' emphasis was to build a strong collective defense but at the same time they established liberal democratic system and accepted common values. The new countries have adopted these domestic governance standards and institutions proving the effective assertion of the liberal institutionalism doctrine. The second stage (1990-2001) was represented by emerging new security challenges and the Alliance reacted to this by adapting the crisis management policy and launched out of area operations. This new period could be characterized the best by the metaphor of the former CIA director, James Woolsey, who in 1993 stated in front of the Congress: "We have slain a large dragon, but we live now in a jungle filled with a bewildering variety of poisonous snakes. And in many ways, the dragon was easier...Department of Security StudiesKatedra bezpečnostních studiíFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science

European cybersecurity policy – Trends and prospects. EPC Policy Brief, 8 June 2017

Increased digitalisation has brought both economic benefits and cybersecurity challenges. According to Europol, an expanding cybercriminal economy is exploiting our increasingly Internet-enabled lives and low levels of digital skills. This became publicly evident in May 2017 with the biggest ransomware attack so far; the WannaCry cryptoworm exploited a security gap in widely used, and often not updated versions of the Windows operational system. The cyber weapon, which enabled hackers to lock (encrypt) the victims' computer files until they paid a ransom, was stolen from the US National Security Agency. It spread within a few hours, affecting 200,000 computers, compromising the security and preventing the work of critical infrastructures, such as hospitals (NHS), public transport (Deutsche Bahn), banks (Deutsche Bank), service providers (Telefónica), delivery services (FedEx), and businesses across the globe