227 research outputs found

    Gait analyses of parkinson’s disease patients using multiscale entropy

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    Copyright: © 2021 by the author(s). Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a type of neurodegenerative diseases. PD influences gait in many aspects: reduced gait speed and step length, increased axial rigidity, and impaired rhythmicity. Gait-related data used in this study are from PhysioNet. Twenty-one PD patients and five healthy controls (CO) were sorted into four groups: PD without task (PDw), PD with dual task (PDd), control without task (COw), and control with dual task (COd). Since dual task actions are attention demanding, either gait or cognitive function may be affected. To quantify the used walking data, eight pressure sensors installed in each insole are used to measure the vertical ground reaction force. Thus, quantitative measurement analysis is performed utilizing multiscale entropy (MSE) and complexity index (CI) to analyze and differentiate between the ground reaction force of the four different groups. Results show that the CI of patients with PD is higher than that of CO and 11 of the sensor signals are statistically significant (p < 0.05). The COd group has larger CI values at the beginning (p = 0.021) but they get lower at the end of the test (p = 0.000) compared to that in the COw group. The end-of-test CI for the PDw group is lower in one of the feet sensor signals, and in the right total ground reaction force compared to the PDd group counterparts. In conclusion, when people start to adjust their gait due to pathology or stress, CI may increase first and reach a peak, but it decreases afterward when stress or pathology is further increased

    Development and Validation of Wearable Systems for Human Postural Sway Analysis

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    Falls are the most common cause of injury in older adults. Around one-third of senior citizens (aged 65 or over) experience at least one fall per year, and the frequency increases by 66 percent for those aged over 85 years. Nowadays wearable systems are gaining popularity to perform fall risk assessments and investigating fall events in natural environments. However all commercially existing systems are expensive, thus there is paucity of knowledge to develop and validate inexpensive wearable systems for fall risk assessment in older adults. An early risk of fall assessment could help health care professionals to intervene earlier. This study investigates the processes involved with designing an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) including the rational behind the choice of parts and assembly of the board. The final sensor developed (Mini-Logger) was validated for sway acquisition in laboratory setting. Further the novel sensor was tested on healthy adults for its sensitivity with postural sway at 12 different standing conditions. The results from this study could help in development of inexpensive wearable systems which could identify older individuals at risk of falling for proactive fall prevention. Thus reduction in falls will improve the quality of life of older adults and thereby reduce healthcare costs

    Assessment and Mechanisms of Autonomic Function in Health and Disease

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    The autonomic nervous system is a master regulator of homeostasis, and the conviction that autonomic outflow is important on a patient-by-patient, minute-to-minute basis in both health and disease is the motivation for this thesis. The dissertation explores three aims that advance our understanding of the autonomic nervous system by elucidating the molecular mechanisms of autonomic regulation, validating widely used techniques for autonomic assessment, and developing and applying a new method to assess sympathetic vascular control. The first aim of the dissertation was to investigate the role of the Rho kinase pathway as a mediator of the autonomic effects of central angiotensin-II. This study was performed in conscious, chronically instrumented rabbits that received intracerebroventricular infusions of angiotensin-II, angiotensin-II with the specific Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil, Fasudil alone, or a vehicle control over two weeks. Baseline hemodynamics were assessed daily, and cardiac and global vasomotor sympathetic tone was assessed by the hemodynamic response to autonomic blockers. Angiotensin-II raised blood pressure and cardiac and global vasomotor sympathetic outflow in a Rho-kinase dependent manner. In a separate cohort, renal sympathetic nerve activity was directly recorded and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity was assessed, providing clear evidence that angiotensin-II increases renal sympathetic nerve activity and impairs baroreflex control thereof via a Rho kinase-dependent mechanism. In summary, the pressor, sympatho-excitatory, and baroreflex dysfunction caused by central angiotensin-II depend on Rho kinase activation. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between measures of pulse rate variability obtained by a chronically implanted arterial pressure telemeter with measures of heart rate variability derived by the standard electrocardiogram and the ability of pulse rate variability to reflect the autonomic contributions of heart rate variability. This study was conducted in conscious rabbits chronically instrumented with epicardial leads and arterial pressure telemeters. The autonomic contribution to pulse rate variability was assessed by pharmacological blockade, and the intrinsic variability of pulse rate was assessed by ventricular pacing. This study showed that pulse rate variability is a generally acceptable surrogate for heart rate variability for time- and frequency-domain measures, but the additional contribution of respiration to and the differing nonlinear properties of pulse rate variability should be considered by investigators. The third aim was to critically test the idea that the renal sympathetic nerves do not participate in the physiological control of renal blood flow. This study was conducted in conscious rabbits that underwent unilateral renal denervation and chronic instrumentation with arterial pressure telemeters and bilateral renal blood flow probes. Using time-varying transfer function analysis, this study showed active, rhythmic vasoconstriction of the renal vasculature with baroreflex properties in normally innervated kidneys, consistent with sympathetic vasomotion, which was absent in denervated kidneys. This refutes the long-held idea that sympathetic control of the renal vasculature is not physiological and has important applications to the burgeoning field of therapeutic renal denervation for cardiovascular disease

    A fully coupled computational fluid dynamics – agent-based model of atherosclerotic plaque development: Multiscale modeling framework and parameter sensitivity analysis

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    Background: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disorder that leads to impaired lumen patency through intimal hyperplasia and the build-up of plaques, mainly localized in areas of disturbed flow. Computational models can provide valuable insights in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and act as a predictive tool to optimize current interventional techniques. Our hypothesis is that a reliable predictive model must include the atherosclerosis development history. Accordingly, we developed a multiscale modeling framework of atherosclerosis that replicates the hemodynamic-driven arterial wall remodeling and plaque formation. Methods: The framework was based on the coupling of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with an Agent-Based Model (ABM). The CFD simulation computed the hemodynamics in a 3D artery model, while 2D ABMs simulated cell, Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and lipid dynamics in multiple vessel cross-sections. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to evaluate the oscillation of the ABM output to variations in the inputs and to identify the most influencing ABM parameters. Results: Our multiscale model qualitatively replicated both the physiologic and pathologic arterial configuration, capturing histological-like features. The ABM outputs were mostly driven by cell and ECM dynamics, largely affecting the lumen area. A subset of parameters was found to affect the final lipid core size, without influencing cell/ECM or lumen area trends. Conclusion: The fully coupled CFD-ABM framework described atherosclerotic morphological and compositional changes triggered by a disturbed hemodynamics

    Unsupervised behavioral classification with 3D pose data from tethered Drosophila melanogaster

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    Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica (Biofísica Médica e Fisiologia de Sistemas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020O comportamento animal e guiado por instruções geneticamente codificadas, com contribuições do meio envolvente e experiências antecedentes. O mesmo pode ser considerado como o derradeiro output da atividade neuronal, pelo que o estudo do comportamento animal constitui um meio de compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes ao funcionamento do cérebro animal. Para desvendar a correspondência entre cérebro e comportamento são necessárias ferramentas que consigam medir um comportamento de forma precisa, apreciável e coerente. O domínio científico responsável pelo estudo dos comportamentos dos animais denomina-se Etologia. No início do seculo XX, os etólogos categorizavam comportamentos animais com recurso as suas próprias intuições e experiência. Consequentemente, as suas avaliações eram subjetivas e desprovidas de comportamentos que os etólogos não considerassem a priori. Com o ressurgimento de novas técnicas de captura e analise de comportamentos, os etólogos transitaram para paradigmas mais objetivos, quantitativos da medição de comportamentos. Tais ferramentas analíticas fomentaram a construção de datasets comportamentais que, por sua vez, promoveram o desenvolvimento de softwares para a quantificação de comportamentos: rastreamento de trajetórias, classificação de ações, analise de padrões comportamentais em grandes escalas consistem nos exemplos mais preeminentes. Este trabalho encontra-se inserido na segunda categoria referida (classificação de ações). Os classificadores de ações dividem-se consoante são supervisionados ou não-supervisionados. A primeira categoria compreende classificadores treinados para reconhecer padrões específicos, definidos por um especialista humano. Esta categoria de classificadores e encontra-se limitada por: 1) necessitar de um processo extenuado de anotação de frames para treino do classificador; 2) subjetividade face ao especialista que classifica os mesmos frames, 3) baixa dimensionalidade, na medida em que a classificação reduz os complexos comportamentos a um só rotulo; 4) assunções erróneas; 5) preconceito humano face aos comportamentos observados. Por sua vez, os classificadores não-supervisionados seguem exaustivamente uma formula: 1) computer vision e empregue para a extração das características posturais do animal; 2) dá-se o pré-processamento dos dados, que inclui um modulo vital que envolve a construção de uma representação dinâmico-postural das ações do animal, de forma a capturar os elementos dinâmicos do comportamento; 3) segue-se um modulo opcional de redução de dimensionalidade, caso o utilizador deseje visualizar diretamente os dados num espaço de reduzidas dimensões; 4) efetua-se a atribuição de um rótulo a cada elemento dos dados, por via de um algoritmo que opera quer diretamente no espaço de alta dimensão, ou no de baixa dimensão, resultante do passo anterior. O objetivo deste trabalho passa por alcançar uma classificação objetiva e reproduzível, de forma não-supervisionada de frames de Drosophila melanogaster suspensas numa bola que flutua no ar, tentando minimizar o número de intuições requeridas para o efeito e, se possível, dissipar a influência dos aspetos morfológicos de cada individuo (garantindo assim uma classificação generalizada dos comportamentos destes insetos). Para alcançar tal classificação, este estudo recorre a uma ferramenta recém desenvolvida que regista a pose tridimensional de Drosophila fixas, o DeepFly3D, para construir um dataset com as coordenadas x-, y- e z-, ao longo do tempo, das posições de referência de um conjunto de três genótipos de Drosophila melanogaster (linhas aDN>CsChrimson, MDN-GAL4/+ e aDNGAL4/+). Sucede-se uma operação inovadora de normalização que recorre ao cálculo de ângulos entre pontos de referência adjacentes, como as articulações, antenas e riscas dorsais das moscas, por via de relações trigonométricas e a definição dos planos anatómicos das moscas, que visa atenuar os pesos das diferenças morfológicas das moscas, ou a sua orientação relativa as camaras do DeepFly3D, para o classificador. O modulo de normalização e sucedido por outro de analise de frequência, focado na extração das frequências relevantes nas series temporais dos ângulos calculados, bem como dos seus pesos relativos. O produto final do pré-processamento consiste numa matriz com a norma dos ditos pesos – a matriz de expressão do espaço dinâmico-postural. Subsequentemente, seguem-se os módulos de redução de dimensionalidade e de atribuição de clusters (pontos 3) e 4) do paragrafo anterior). Para os mesmos, são propostas seis configurações possíveis de algoritmos, submetidas de imediato a uma anélise comparativa, de forma a determinar a mais apta para classificar este tipo de dados. Os algoritmos de redução de dimensionalidade aqui postos a prova são o t-SNE (t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) e o PCA (Principal Component Analysis), enquanto que os algoritmos de clustering comparados são o Watershed, GMM-posterior probability assignment e o HDBSCAN (Hierarchical Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise). Cada uma das pipelines candidatas e finalmente avaliada mediante a observação dos vídeos inclusos nos clusters produzidos e, dado o vasto numero destes vídeos, bem como a possibilidade de uma validação subjetiva face a observadores distintos, com o auxilio de métricas que expressam determinados critérios abrangentes de qualidade dos clusters: 1) Fly uncompactness, que avalia a eficiência do modulo de normalização com ângulos de referencia da mosca; 2) Homogeneity, que procura garantir que os clusters não refletem a identidade ou o genótipo das moscas; 3) Cluster entropy, que afere a previsibilidade das transições entre os clusters; 4) Mean dwell time, que pondera o tempo que um individuo demora em media a realizar uma Acão. Dois critérios auxiliares extra são ainda considerados: o número de parâmetros que foram estimados pelo utilizador (quanto maior, mais limitada e a reprodutibilidade da pipeline) e o tempo de execução do algoritmo (que deve ser igualmente minimizado). Apesar de manter alguma subjetividade face aquilo a que o utilizador considera um “bom” cluster, a inclusão das métricas aproxima esta abordagem a um cenário ideal de completa autonomia entre a conceção de uma definição de comportamento, e a validação dos resultados que decorrem das suas conjeturas. Os desempenhos das pipelines candidatas divergiram largamente: os espaços resultantes das operações de redução de dimensionalidade demonstram-se heterogéneos e anisotrópicos, com a presença de sequências de pontos que tomam formas vermiformes, ao invés de um antecipado conglomerado de pontos desassociados. Estas trajetórias vermiformes limitam o desempenho dos algoritmos de clustering que operam nos espaços de baixas (duas, neste caso) dimensões. A ausência de um passo intermedio de amostragem do espaço dinâmico-postural explica a génese destas trajetórias vermiformes. Não obstante, as pipelines que praticam redução de dimensionalidade geraram melhores resultados que a pipeline que recorre a clustering com HDBSCAN diretamente sobre a matriz de expressão do espaço dinâmico-postural. A combinação mais fortuita de módulos de redução de dimensionalidade e clustering adveio da pipeline PCA30-t-SNE2-GMM. Embora não sejam absolutamente consistentes, os clusters resultantes desta pipeline incluem um comportamento que se sobressai face aos demais que se encontram inseridos no mesmo cluster (erroneamente). Lacunas destes clusters envolvem sobretudo a ocasional fusão de dois comportamentos distintos no mesmo cluster, ou a presença inoportuna de sequências de comportamentos nas quais a mosca se encontra imóvel (provavelmente o resultado de pequenos erros de deteção produzidos pelo DeepFly3D). Para mais, a pipeline PCA30-t-SNE2-GMM foi capaz de reconhecer diferenças no fenótipo comportamental de moscas, validadas pelas linhas genéticas das mesmas. Apesar dos resultados obtidos manifestarem visíveis melhorias face aqueles produzidos por abordagens semelhantes, sobretudo a nível de vídeos dos clusters, uma vez que só uma das abordagens inclui métricas de sucesso dos clusters, alguns aspetos desta abordagem requerem correções: a inclusão de uma etapa de amostragem, sucedida de um novo algoritmo que fosse capaz de realizar reduções de dimensionalidade consistentes, de forma a reunir todos os pontos no mesmo espaço embutido será possivelmente a característica mais capaz de acrescentar valor a esta abordagem. Futuras abordagens não deverão descurar o contributo de múltiplas representações comportamentais que possam vir a validar-se mutuamente, substituindo a necessidade de métricas de sucesso definidas pelos utilizadores.One of the preeminent challenges of Behavioral Neuroscience is the understanding of how the brain works and how it ultimately commands an animal’s behavior. Solving this brain-behavior linkage requires, on one end, precise, meaningful and coherent techniques for measuring behavior. Rapid technical developments in tools for collecting and analyzing behavioral data, paired with the immaturity of current approaches, motivate an ongoing search for systematic, unbiased behavioral classification techniques. To accomplish such a classification, this study employs a state-of-the-art tool for tracking 3D pose of tethered Drosophila, DeepFly3D, to collect a dataset of x-, y- and z- landmark positions over time, from tethered Drosophila melanogaster moving over an air-suspended ball. This is succeeded by unprecedented normalization across individual flies by computing the angles between adjoining landmarks, followed by standard wavelet analysis. Subsequently, six unsupervised behavior classification techniques are compared - four of which follow proven formulas, while the remaining two are experimental. Lastly, their performances are evaluated via meaningful metric scores along with cluster video assessment, as to ensure a fully unbiased cycle - from the conjecturing of a definition of behavior to the corroboration of the results that stem from its assumptions. Performances from different techniques varied significantly. Techniques that perform clustering in embedded low- (two-) dimensional spaces struggled with their heterogeneous and anisotropic nature. High-dimensional clustering techniques revealed that these properties emerged from the original highdimensional posture-dynamics spaces. Nonetheless, high and low-dimensional spaces disagree on the arrangement of their elements, with embedded data points showing hierarchical organization, which was lacking prior to their embedding. Low-dimensional clustering techniques were globally a better match against these spatial features and yielded more suitable results. Their candidate embedding algorithms alone were capable of revealing dissimilarities in preferred behaviors among contrasting genotypes of Drosophila. Lastly, the top-ranking classification technique produced satisfactory behavioral cluster videos (despite the irregular allocation of rest labels) in a consistent and repeatable manner, while requiring a marginal number of hand tuned parameters

    Biomechanical Spectrum of Human Sport Performance

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    Writing or managing a scientific book, as it is known today, depends on a series of major activities, such as regrouping researchers, reviewing chapters, informing and exchanging with contributors, and at the very least, motivating them to achieve the objective of publication. The idea of this book arose from many years of work in biomechanics, health disease, and rehabilitation. Through exchanges with authors from several countries, we learned much from each other, and we decided with the publisher to transfer this knowledge to readers interested in the current understanding of the impact of biomechanics in the analysis of movement and its optimization. The main objective is to provide some interesting articles that show the scope of biomechanical analysis and technologies in human behavior tasks. Engineers, researchers, and students from biomedical engineering and health sciences, as well as industrial professionals, can benefit from this compendium of knowledge about biomechanics applied to the human body
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