2,118 research outputs found

    Search-based 3D Planning and Trajectory Optimization for Safe Micro Aerial Vehicle Flight Under Sensor Visibility Constraints

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    Safe navigation of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) requires not only obstacle-free flight paths according to a static environment map, but also the perception of and reaction to previously unknown and dynamic objects. This implies that the onboard sensors cover the current flight direction. Due to the limited payload of MAVs, full sensor coverage of the environment has to be traded off with flight time. Thus, often only a part of the environment is covered. We present a combined allocentric complete planning and trajectory optimization approach taking these sensor visibility constraints into account. The optimized trajectories yield flight paths within the apex angle of a Velodyne Puck Lite 3D laser scanner enabling low-level collision avoidance to perceive obstacles in the flight direction. Furthermore, the optimized trajectories take the flight dynamics into account and contain the velocities and accelerations along the path. We evaluate our approach with a DJI Matrice 600 MAV and in simulation employing hardware-in-the-loop.Comment: In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Montreal, Canada, May 201

    Multiresolution strategies for the numerical solution of optimal control problems

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    Optimal control problems are often characterized by discontinuities or switchings in the control variables. One way of accurately capturing the irregularities in the solution is to use a high resolution (dense) uniform grid. This requires a large amount of computational resources both in terms of CPU time and memory. Hence, in order to accurately capture any irregularities in the solution using a few computational resources, one can refine the mesh locally in the region close to an irregularity instead of refining the mesh uniformly over the whole domain. Therefore, a novel multiresolution scheme for data compression has been designed which is shown to outperform similar data compression schemes. Specifically, we have shown that the proposed approach results in fewer grid points in the grid compared to a common multiresolution data compression scheme. The validity of the proposed mesh refinement algorithm has been verified by solving several challenging initial-boundary value problems for evolution equations in 1D. The examples have demonstrated the stability and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Next, a direct multiresolution-based approach for solving trajectory optimization problems is developed. The original optimal control problem is transcribed into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem that is solved using standard NLP codes. The novelty of the proposed approach hinges on the automatic calculation of a suitable, nonuniform grid over which the NLP problem is solved, which tends to increase numerical efficiency and robustness. Control and/or state constraints are handled with ease, and without any additional computational complexity. The proposed algorithm is based on a simple and intuitive method to balance several conflicting objectives, such as accuracy of the solution, convergence, and speed of the computations. The benefits of the proposed algorithm over uniform grid implementations are demonstrated with the help of several nontrivial examples. Furthermore, two sequential multiresolution trajectory optimization algorithms for solving problems with moving targets and/or dynamically changing environments have been developed.Ph.D.Committee Chair: Tsiotras, Panagiotis; Committee Member: Calise, Anthony J.; Committee Member: Egerstedt, Magnus; Committee Member: Prasad, J. V. R.; Committee Member: Russell, Ryan P.; Committee Member: Zhou, Hao-Mi

    Interactive inspection of complex multi-object industrial assemblies

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    The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2016.06.005The use of virtual prototypes and digital models containing thousands of individual objects is commonplace in complex industrial applications like the cooperative design of huge ships. Designers are interested in selecting and editing specific sets of objects during the interactive inspection sessions. This is however not supported by standard visualization systems for huge models. In this paper we discuss in detail the concept of rendering front in multiresolution trees, their properties and the algorithms that construct the hierarchy and efficiently render it, applied to very complex CAD models, so that the model structure and the identities of objects are preserved. We also propose an algorithm for the interactive inspection of huge models which uses a rendering budget and supports selection of individual objects and sets of objects, displacement of the selected objects and real-time collision detection during these displacements. Our solution–based on the analysis of several existing view-dependent visualization schemes–uses a Hybrid Multiresolution Tree that mixes layers of exact geometry, simplified models and impostors, together with a time-critical, view-dependent algorithm and a Constrained Front. The algorithm has been successfully tested in real industrial environments; the models involved are presented and discussed in the paper.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Planning and Navigation in Dynamic Environments for Mobile Robots and Micro Aerial Vehicles

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    Reliable and robust navigation planning and obstacle avoidance is key for the autonomous operation of mobile robots. In contrast to stationary industrial robots that often operate in controlled spaces, planning for mobile robots has to take changing environments and uncertainties into account during plan execution. In this thesis, planning and obstacle avoidance techniques are proposed for a variety of ground and aerial robots. Common to most of the presented approaches is the exploitation of the nature of the underlying problem to achieve short planning times by using multiresolution or hierarchical approaches. Short planning times allow for continuous and fast replanning to take the uncertainty in the environment and robot motion execution into account. The proposed approaches are evaluated in simulation and real-world experiments. The first part of this thesis addresses planning for mobile ground robots. One contribution is an approach to grasp and object removal planning to pick objects from a transport box with a mobile manipulation robot. In a multistage process, infeasible grasps are pruned in offline and online processing steps. Collision-free endeffector trajectories are planned to the remaining grasps until a valid removal trajectory can be found. An object-centric local multiresolution representation accelerates trajectory planning. The mobile manipulation components are evaluated in an integrated mobile bin-picking system. Local multiresolution planning is employed for path planning for humanoid soccer robots as well. The used Nao robot is equipped with only relatively low computing power. A resource-efficient path planner including the anticipated movements of opponents on the field is developed as part of this thesis. In soccer games an important subproblem is to reach a position behind the ball to dribble or kick it towards the goal. By the assumption that the opponents have the same intention, an explicit representation of their movements is possible. This leads to paths that facilitate the robot to reach its target position with a higher probability without being disturbed by the other robot. The evaluation for the planner is performed in a physics-based soccer simulation. The second part of this thesis covers planning and obstacle avoidance for micro aerial vehicles (MAVs), in particular multirotors. To reduce the planning complexity, the planning problem is split into a hierarchy of planners running on different levels of abstraction, i.e., from abstract to detailed environment descriptions and from coarse to fine plans. A complete planning hierarchy for MAVs is presented, from mission planners for multiple application domains to low-level obstacle avoidance. Missions planned on the top layer are executed by means of coupled allocentric and egocentric path planning. Planning is accelerated by global and local multiresolution representations. The planners can take multiple objectives into account in addition to obstacle costs and path length, e.g., sensor constraints. The path planners are supplemented by trajectory optimization to achieve dynamically feasible trajectories that can be executed by the underlying controller at higher velocities. With the initialization techniques presented in this thesis, the convergence of the optimization problem is expedited. Furthermore, frequent reoptimization of the initial trajectory allows for the reaction to changes in the environment without planning and optimizing a complete new trajectory. Fast, reactive obstacle avoidance based on artificial potential fields acts as a safety layer in the presented hierarchy. The obstacle avoidance layer employs egocentric sensor data and can operate at the data acquisition frequency of up to 40 Hz. It can slow-down and stop the MAVs in front of obstacles as well as avoid approaching dynamic obstacles. We evaluate our planning and navigation hierarchy in simulation and with a variety of MAVs in real-world applications, especially outdoor mapping missions, chimney and building inspection, and automated stocktaking.Planung und Navigation in dynamischen Umgebungen fĂŒr mobile Roboter und Multikopter ZuverlĂ€ssige und sichere Navigationsplanung und Hindernisvermeidung ist ein wichtiger Baustein fĂŒr den autonomen Einsatz mobiler Roboter. Im Gegensatz zu klassischen Industrierobotern, die in der Regel in abgetrennten, kontrollierten Bereichen betrieben werden, ist es in der mobilen Robotik unerlĂ€sslich, Änderungen in der Umgebung und die Unsicherheit bei der AktionsausfĂŒhrung zu berĂŒcksichtigen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden Verfahren zur Planung und Hindernisvermeidung fĂŒr eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Boden- und Flugroboter entwickelt und vorgestellt. Den meisten beschriebenen AnsĂ€tzen ist gemein, dass die Struktur der zu lösenden Probleme ausgenutzt wird, um Planungsprozesse zu beschleunigen. HĂ€ufig ist es möglich, mit abnehmender Genauigkeit zu planen desto weiter eine Aktion in der Zeit oder im Ort entfernt ist. Dieser Ansatz wird lokale Multiresolution genannt. In anderen FĂ€llen ist eine Zerlegung des Problems in Schichten unterschiedlicher Genauigkeit möglich. Die damit zu erreichende Beschleunigung der Planung ermöglicht ein hĂ€ufiges Neuplanen und somit die Reaktion auf Änderungen in der Umgebung und Abweichungen bei den ausgefĂŒhrten Aktionen. Zur Evaluation der vorgestellten AnsĂ€tze werden Experimente sowohl in der Simulation als auch mit Robotern durchgefĂŒhrt. Der erste Teil dieser Dissertation behandelt Planungsmethoden fĂŒr mobile Bodenroboter. Um Objekte mit einem mobilen Roboter aus einer Transportkiste zu greifen und zur Weiterverarbeitung zu einem Arbeitsplatz zu liefern, wurde ein System zur Planung möglicher Greifposen und hindernisfreier Endeffektorbahnen entwickelt. In einem mehrstufigen Prozess werden mögliche Griffe an bekannten Objekten erst in mehreren Vorverarbeitungsschritten (offline) und anschließend, passend zu den erfassten Objekten, online identifiziert. Zu den verbleibenden möglichen Griffen werden Endeffektorbahnen geplant und, bei Erfolg, ausgefĂŒhrt. Die Greif- und Bahnplanung wird durch eine objektzentrische lokale Multiresolutionskarte beschleunigt. Die Einzelkomponenten werden in einem prototypischen Gesamtsystem evaluiert. Eine weitere Anwendung fĂŒr die lokale Multiresolutionsplanung ist die Pfadplanung fĂŒr humanoide Fußballroboter. Zum Einsatz kommen Nao-Roboter, die nur ĂŒber eine sehr eingeschrĂ€nkte Rechenleistung verfĂŒgen. Durch die Reduktion der PlanungskomplexitĂ€t mit Hilfe der lokalen Multiresolution, wurde die Entwicklung eines Planers ermöglicht, der zusĂ€tzlich zur aktuellen Hindernisfreiheit die Bewegung der Gegenspieler auf dem Feld berĂŒcksichtigt. Hierbei liegt der Fokus auf einem wichtigen Teilproblem, dem Erreichen einer guten Schussposition hinter dem Ball. Die Tatsache, dass die Gegenspieler vergleichbare Ziele verfolgen, ermöglicht es, Annahmen ĂŒber mögliche Laufwege zu treffen. Dadurch ist die Planung von Pfaden möglich, die das Risiko, durch einen Gegenspieler passiv geblockt zu werden, reduzieren, so dass die Schussposition schneller erreicht wird. Dieser Teil der Arbeit wird in einer physikalischen Fußballsimulation evaluiert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation werden Methoden zur Planung und Hindernisvermeidung von Multikoptern behandelt. Um die PlanungskomplexitĂ€t zu reduzieren, wird das zu lösenden Planungsproblem hierarchisch zerlegt und durch verschiedene Planungsebenen verarbeitet. Dabei haben höhere Planungsebenen eine abstraktere Weltsicht und werden mit niedriger Frequenz ausgefĂŒhrt, zum Beispiel die Missionsplanung. Niedrigere Ebenen haben eine Weltsicht, die mehr den Sensordaten entspricht und werden mit höherer Frequenz ausgefĂŒhrt. Die GranularitĂ€t der resultierenden PlĂ€ne verfeinert sich hierbei auf niedrigeren Ebenen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde eine komplette Planungshierarchie fĂŒr Multikopter entwickelt, von Missionsplanern fĂŒr verschiedene Anwendungsgebiete bis zu schneller Hindernisvermeidung. Pfade zur AusfĂŒhrung geplanter Missionen werden durch zwei gekoppelte Planungsebenen erstellt, erst allozentrisch, und dann egozentrisch verfeinert. Hierbei werden ebenfalls globale und lokale MultiresolutionsreprĂ€sentationen zur Beschleunigung der Planung eingesetzt. ZusĂ€tzlich zur Hindernisfreiheit und LĂ€nge der Pfade können auf diesen Planungsebenen weitere Zielfunktionen berĂŒcksichtigt werden, wie zum Beispiel die BerĂŒcksichtigung von Sensorcharakteristika. ErgĂ€nzt werden die Planungsebenen durch die Optimierung von Flugbahnen. Diese Flugbahnen berĂŒcksichtigen eine angenĂ€herte Flugdynamik und erlauben damit ein schnelleres Verfolgen der optimierten Pfade. Um eine schnelle Konvergenz des Optimierungsproblems zu erreichen, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein Verfahren zur Initialisierung entwickelt. Des Weiteren kommen Methoden zur schnellen Verfeinerung des Optimierungsergebnisses bei Änderungen im Weltzustand zum Einsatz, diese ermöglichen die Reaktion auf neue Hindernisse oder Abweichungen von der Flugbahn, ohne eine komplette Flugbahn neu zu planen und zu optimieren. Die Sicherheit des durch die Planungs- und Optimierungsebenen erstellten Pfades wird durch eine schnelle, reaktive Hindernisvermeidung gewĂ€hrleistet. Das Hindernisvermeidungsmodul basiert auf der Methode der kĂŒnstlichen Potentialfelder. Durch die Verwendung dieser schnellen Methode kombiniert mit der Verwendung von nicht oder nur ĂŒber kurze ZeitrĂ€ume aggregierte Sensordaten, ermöglicht die Reaktion auf unbekannte Hindernisse, kurz nachdem diese von den Sensoren wahrgenommen wurden. Dabei kann der Multikopter abgebremst oder gestoppt werden, und sich von nĂ€hernden Hindernissen entfernen. Die Komponenten der Planungs- und Hindernisvermeidungshierarchie werden sowohl in der Simulation evaluiert, als auch in integrierten Gesamtsystemen mit verschiedenen Multikoptern in realen Anwendungen. Dies sind insbesondere die Kartierung von Innen- und Außenbereichen, die Inspektion von GebĂ€uden und Schornsteinen sowie die automatisierte Inventur von LĂ€gern

    The Incremental Multiresolution Matrix Factorization Algorithm

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    Multiresolution analysis and matrix factorization are foundational tools in computer vision. In this work, we study the interface between these two distinct topics and obtain techniques to uncover hierarchical block structure in symmetric matrices -- an important aspect in the success of many vision problems. Our new algorithm, the incremental multiresolution matrix factorization, uncovers such structure one feature at a time, and hence scales well to large matrices. We describe how this multiscale analysis goes much farther than what a direct global factorization of the data can identify. We evaluate the efficacy of the resulting factorizations for relative leveraging within regression tasks using medical imaging data. We also use the factorization on representations learned by popular deep networks, providing evidence of their ability to infer semantic relationships even when they are not explicitly trained to do so. We show that this algorithm can be used as an exploratory tool to improve the network architecture, and within numerous other settings in vision.Comment: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2017, 10 page

    Random Forests and Networks Analysis

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    D. Wilson~\cite{[Wi]} in the 1990's described a simple and efficient algorithm based on loop-erased random walks to sample uniform spanning trees and more generally weighted trees or forests spanning a given graph. This algorithm provides a powerful tool in analyzing structures on networks and along this line of thinking, in recent works~\cite{AG1,AG2,ACGM1,ACGM2} we focused on applications of spanning rooted forests on finite graphs. The resulting main conclusions are reviewed in this paper by collecting related theorems, algorithms, heuristics and numerical experiments. A first foundational part on determinantal structures and efficient sampling procedures is followed by four main applications: 1) a random-walk-based notion of well-distributed points in a graph 2) how to describe metastable dynamics in finite settings by means of Markov intertwining dualities 3) coarse graining schemes for networks and associated processes 4) wavelets-like pyramidal algorithms for graph signals.Comment: Survey pape
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