Deep fusion of multi-channel neurophysiological signal for emotion recognition and monitoring

How to fuse multi-channel neurophysiological signals for emotion recognition is emerging as a hot research topic in community of Computational Psychophysiology. Nevertheless, prior feature engineering based approaches require extracting various domain knowledge related features at a high time cost. Moreover, traditional fusion method cannot fully utilise correlation information between different channels and frequency components. In this paper, we design a hybrid deep learning model, in which the 'Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)' is utilised for extracting task-related features, as well as mining inter-channel and inter-frequency correlation, besides, the 'Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)' is concatenated for integrating contextual information from the frame cube sequence. Experiments are carried out in a trial-level emotion recognition task, on the DEAP benchmarking dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the classical methods, with regard to both of the emotional dimensions of Valence and Arousal

Learning Robust Features for Recognition of Emotions in Images and Videos

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.Today, recognition of emotions in images and videos has attracted increasing research attention. In terms of video emotion recognition, most existing approaches are based on spatial features extracted from video frames. The performance of these approaches is mainly restricted due to the broad affective gap between spatial image features and high-level emotions. To bridge the affective gap, we propose to recognize emotions with kernelized features. A polynomial kernel function is constructed based on rewritten the equation of the discrete Fourier transform as the linear kernel. Moreover, we propose to apply the sparse representation method to kernelized features to reduce the impact of noise contained in video frames. This method can further help contribute to performance improvement. In the second work, we develop a weighted sum pooling method for video emotion representation. We present an end-to-end deep network for simultaneously image emotion classification and emotion intensity map prediction. The proposed network is build based on the feature pyramid network. The class activation mapping technique is utilized to generate pseudo intensity maps to train the network. The proposed network is first trained on a large-scale image emotion dataset and then used to extracted features and intensity maps for video frames. We empirically show that this approach is effective to improve recognition performance. Recent work has shown that using local region information helps to improve image emotion recognition performance. In the third work, we develop an end-to-end deep neural network for image emotion recognition by utilizing emotion intensity. The proposed network is composed of an intensity prediction stream and a classification stream. The class activation mapping technique is used to generated pseudo intensity maps to guide the intensity prediction network for emotion intensity learning. The predicted intensity maps are integrated to the classification stream for final recognition. The two streams are trained cooperatively with each other to improve the overall performance. In the fourth work, we present a dual pattern learning network architecture with adversarial adaptation (DPLAANet). Unlike conventional networks, the proposed architecture has two input branches. The dual input structure allows the network to have a considerably large number of image pairs for training. This can help address the overfitting issue due to limited training data. Moreover, we introduce to use the adversarial training approach to reduce the domain difference between training data and test data. The experimental results show that the DPLAANets are effective for several benchmark datasets

A Survey on Emotion Recognition for Human Robot Interaction

With the recent developments of technology and the advances in artificial intelligent and machine learning techniques, it becomes possible for the robot to acquire and show the emotions as a part of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). An emotional robot can recognize the emotional states of humans so that it will be able to interact more naturally with its human counterpart in different environments. In this article, a survey on emotion recognition for HRI systems has been presented. The survey aims to achieve two objectives. Firstly, it aims to discuss the main challenges that face researchers when building emotional HRI systems. Secondly, it seeks to identify sensing channels that can be used to detect emotions and provides a literature review about recent researches published within each channel, along with the used methodologies and achieved results. Finally, some of the existing emotion recognition issues and recommendations for future works have been outlined

EmoEEG - recognising people's emotions using electroencephalography

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica (Sinais e Imagens Médicas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020As emoções desempenham um papel fulcral na vida humana, estando envolvidas numa extensa variedade de processos cognitivos, tais como tomada de decisão, perceção, interações sociais e inteligência. As interfaces cérebro-máquina (ICM) são sistemas que convertem os padrões de atividade cerebral de um utilizador em mensagens ou comandos para uma determinada aplicação. Os usos mais comuns desta tecnologia permitem que pessoas com deficiência motora controlem braços mecânicos, cadeiras de rodas ou escrevam. Contudo, também é possível utilizar tecnologias ICM para gerar output sem qualquer controle voluntário. A identificação de estados emocionais é um exemplo desse tipo de feedback. Por sua vez, esta tecnologia pode ter aplicações clínicas tais como a identificação e monitorização de patologias psicológicas, ou aplicações multimédia que facilitem o acesso a músicas ou filmes de acordo com o seu conteúdo afetivo. O interesse crescente em estabelecer interações emocionais entre máquinas e pessoas, levou à necessidade de encontrar métodos fidedignos de reconhecimento emocional automático. Os autorrelatos podem não ser confiáveis devido à natureza subjetiva das próprias emoções, mas também porque os participantes podem responder de acordo com o que acreditam que os outros responderiam. A fala emocional é uma maneira eficaz de deduzir o estado emocional de uma pessoa, pois muitas características da fala são independentes da semântica ou da cultura. No entanto, a precisão ainda é insuficiente quando comparada com outros métodos, como a análise de expressões faciais ou sinais fisiológicos. Embora o primeiro já tenha sido usado para identificar emoções com sucesso, ele apresenta desvantagens, tais como o fato de muitas expressões faciais serem "forçadas" e o fato de que as leituras só são possíveis quando o rosto do sujeito está dentro de um ângulo muito específico em relação à câmara. Por estes motivos, a recolha de sinais fisiológicos tem sido o método preferencial para o reconhecimento de emoções. O uso do EEG (eletroencefalograma) permite-nos monitorizar as emoções sentidas sob a forma de impulsos elétricos provenientes do cérebro, permitindo assim obter uma ICM para o reconhecimento afetivo. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a combinação de diferentes elementos para identificar estados afetivos, estimando valores de valência e ativação usando sinais de EEG. A análise realizada consistiu na criação de vários modelos de regressão para avaliar como diferentes elementos afetam a precisão na estimativa de valência e ativação. Os referidos elementos foram os métodos de aprendizagem automática, o género do indivíduo, o conceito de assimetria cerebral, os canais de elétrodos utilizados, os algoritmos de extração de características e as bandas de frequências analisadas. Com esta análise foi possível criarmos o melhor modelo possível, com a combinação de elementos que maximiza a sua precisão. Para alcançar os nossos objetivos, recorremos a duas bases de dados (AMIGOS e DEAP) contendo sinais de EEG obtidos durante experiências de desencadeamento emocional, juntamente com a autoavaliação realizada pelos respetivos participantes. Nestas experiências, os participantes visionaram excertos de vídeos de conteúdo afetivo, de modo a despoletar emoções sobre eles, e depois classificaram-nas atribuindo o nível de valência e ativação experienciado. Os sinais EEG obtidos foram divididos em epochs de 4s e de seguida procedeu-se à extração de características através de diferentes algoritmos: o primeiro, segundo e terceiro parâmetros de Hjorth; entropia espectral; energia e entropia de wavelets; energia e entropia de FMI (funções de modos empíricos) obtidas através da transformada de Hilbert-Huang. Estes métodos de processamento de sinal foram escolhidos por já terem gerado resultados bons noutros trabalhos relacionados. Todos estes métodos foram aplicados aos sinais EEG dentro das bandas de frequência alfa, beta e gama, que também produziram bons resultados de acordo com trabalhos já efetuados. Após a extração de características dos sinais EEG, procedeu-se à criação de diversos modelos de estimação da valência e ativação usando as autoavaliações dos participantes como “verdade fundamental”. O primeiro conjunto de modelos criados serviu para aferir quais os melhores métodos de aprendizagem automática a utilizar para os testes vindouros. Após escolher os dois melhores, tentámos verificar as diferenças no processamento emocional entre os sexos, realizando a estimativa em homens e mulheres separadamente. O conjunto de modelos criados a seguir visou testar o conceito da assimetria cerebral, que afirma que a valência emocional está relacionada com diferenças na atividade fisiológica entre os dois hemisférios cerebrais. Para este teste específico, foram consideradas a assimetria diferencial e racional segundo pares de elétrodos homólogos. Depois disso, foram criados modelos de estimação de valência e ativação considerando cada um dos elétrodos individualmente. Ou seja, os modelos seriam gerados com todos os métodos de extração de características, mas com os dados obtidos de um elétrodo apenas. Depois foram criados modelos que visassem comparar cada um dos algoritmos de extração de características utilizados. Os modelos gerados nesta fase incluíram os dados obtidos de todos os elétrodos, já que anteriormente se verificou que não haviam elétrodos significativamente melhores que outros. Por fim, procedeu-se à criação dos modelos com a melhor combinação de elementos possível, otimizaram-se os parâmetros dos mesmos, e procurámos também aferir a sua validação. Realizámos também um processo de classificação emocional associando cada par estimado de valores de valência e ativação ao quadrante correspondente no modelo circumplexo de afeto. Este último passo foi necessário para conseguirmos comparar o nosso trabalho com as soluções existentes, pois a grande maioria delas apenas identificam o quadrante emocional, não estimando valores para a valência e ativação. Em suma, os melhores métodos de aprendizagem automática foram RF (random forest) e KNN (k-nearest neighbours), embora a combinação dos melhores métodos de extração de características fosse diferente para os dois. KNN apresentava melhor precisão considerando todos os métodos de extração menos a entropia espectral, enquanto que RF foi mais preciso considerando apenas o primeiro parâmetro de Hjorth e a energia de wavelets. Os valores dos coeficientes de Pearson obtidos para os melhores modelos otimizados ficaram compreendidos entre 0,8 e 0,9 (sendo 1 o valor máximo). Não foram registados melhoramentos nos resultados considerando cada género individualmente, pelo que os modelos finais foram criados usando os dados de todos os participantes. É possível que a diminuição da precisão dos modelos criados para cada género seja resultado da menor quantidade de dados envolvidos no processo de treino. O conceito de assimetria cerebral só foi útil nos modelos criados usando a base de dados DEAP, especialmente para a estimação de valência usando as características extraídas segundo a banda alfa. Em geral, as nossas abordagens mostraram-se a par ou mesmo superiores a outros trabalhos, obtendo-se valores de acurácia de 86.5% para o melhor modelo de classificação gerado com a base de dados AMIGOS e 86.6% usando a base de dados DEAP.Emotion recognition is a field within affective computing that is gaining increasing relevance and strives to predict an emotional state using physiological signals. Understanding how these biological factors are expressed according to one’s emotions can enhance the humancomputer interaction (HCI). This knowledge, can then be used for clinical applications such as the identification and monitoring of psychiatric disorders. It can also be used to provide better access to multimedia content, by assigning affective tags to videos or music. The goal of this work was to create several models for estimating values of valence and arousal, using features extracted from EEG signals. The different models created were meant to compare how various elements affected the accuracy of the model created. These elements were the machine learning techniques, the gender of the individual, the brain asymmetry concept, the electrode channels, the feature extraction methods and the frequency of the brain waves analysed. The final models contained the best combination of these elements and achieved PCC values over 0.80. As a way to compare our work with previous approaches, we also implemented a classification procedure to find the correspondent quadrant in the valence and arousal space according to the circumplex model of affect. The best accuracies achieved were over 86%, which was on par or even superior to some of the works already done

Multi-Sensory Emotion Recognition with Speech and Facial Expression

Emotion plays an important role in human beings’ daily lives. Understanding emotions and recognizing how to react to others’ feelings are fundamental to engaging in successful social interactions. Currently, emotion recognition is not only significant in human beings’ daily lives, but also a hot topic in academic research, as new techniques such as emotion recognition from speech context inspires us as to how emotions are related to the content we are uttering. The demand and importance of emotion recognition have highly increased in many applications in recent years, such as video games, human computer interaction, cognitive computing, and affective computing. Emotion recognition can be done from many sources including text, speech, hand, and body gesture as well as facial expression. Presently, most of the emotion recognition methods only use one of these sources. The emotion of human beings changes every second and using a single way to process the emotion recognition may not reflect the emotion correctly. This research is motivated by the desire to understand and evaluate human beings’ emotion from multiple ways such as speech and facial expressions. In this dissertation, multi-sensory emotion recognition has been exploited. The proposed framework can recognize emotion from speech, facial expression, and both of them. There are three important parts in the design of the system: the facial emotion recognizer, the speech emotion recognizer, and the information fusion. The information fusion part uses the results from the speech emotion recognition and facial emotion recognition. Then, a novel weighted method is used to integrate the results, and a final decision of the emotion is given after the fusion. The experiments show that with the weighted fusion methods, the accuracy can be improved to an average of 3.66% compared to fusion without adding weight. The improvement of the recognition rate can reach 18.27% and 5.66% compared to the speech emotion recognition and facial expression recognition, respectively. By improving the emotion recognition accuracy, the proposed multi-sensory emotion recognition system can help to improve the naturalness of human computer interaction

Multi-Sensory Emotion Recognition with Speech and Facial Expression

Emotion plays an important role in human beings’ daily lives. Understanding emotions and recognizing how to react to others’ feelings are fundamental to engaging in successful social interactions. Currently, emotion recognition is not only significant in human beings’ daily lives, but also a hot topic in academic research, as new techniques such as emotion recognition from speech context inspires us as to how emotions are related to the content we are uttering. The demand and importance of emotion recognition have highly increased in many applications in recent years, such as video games, human computer interaction, cognitive computing, and affective computing. Emotion recognition can be done from many sources including text, speech, hand, and body gesture as well as facial expression. Presently, most of the emotion recognition methods only use one of these sources. The emotion of human beings changes every second and using a single way to process the emotion recognition may not reflect the emotion correctly. This research is motivated by the desire to understand and evaluate human beings’ emotion from multiple ways such as speech and facial expressions. In this dissertation, multi-sensory emotion recognition has been exploited. The proposed framework can recognize emotion from speech, facial expression, and both of them. There are three important parts in the design of the system: the facial emotion recognizer, the speech emotion recognizer, and the information fusion. The information fusion part uses the results from the speech emotion recognition and facial emotion recognition. Then, a novel weighted method is used to integrate the results, and a final decision of the emotion is given after the fusion. The experiments show that with the weighted fusion methods, the accuracy can be improved to an average of 3.66% compared to fusion without adding weight. The improvement of the recognition rate can reach 18.27% and 5.66% compared to the speech emotion recognition and facial expression recognition, respectively. By improving the emotion recognition accuracy, the proposed multi-sensory emotion recognition system can help to improve the naturalness of human computer interaction

Multimodaalsel emotsioonide tuvastamisel põhineva inimese-roboti suhtluse arendamine

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneÜks afektiivse arvutiteaduse peamistest huviobjektidest on mitmemodaalne emotsioonituvastus, mis leiab rakendust peamiselt inimese-arvuti interaktsioonis. Emotsiooni äratundmiseks uuritakse nendes süsteemides nii inimese näoilmeid kui kakõnet. Käesolevas töös uuritakse inimese emotsioonide ja nende avaldumise visuaalseid ja akustilisi tunnuseid, et töötada välja automaatne multimodaalne emotsioonituvastussüsteem. Kõnest arvutatakse mel-sageduse kepstri kordajad, helisignaali erinevate komponentide energiad ja prosoodilised näitajad. Näoilmeteanalüüsimiseks kasutatakse kahte erinevat strateegiat. Esiteks arvutatakse inimesenäo tähtsamate punktide vahelised erinevad geomeetrilised suhted. Teiseks võetakse emotsionaalse sisuga video kokku vähendatud hulgaks põhikaadriteks, misantakse sisendiks konvolutsioonilisele tehisnärvivõrgule emotsioonide visuaalsekseristamiseks. Kolme klassifitseerija väljunditest (1 akustiline, 2 visuaalset) koostatakse uus kogum tunnuseid, mida kasutatakse õppimiseks süsteemi viimasesetapis. Loodud süsteemi katsetati SAVEE, Poola ja Serbia emotsionaalse kõneandmebaaside, eNTERFACE’05 ja RML andmebaaside peal. Saadud tulemusednäitavad, et võrreldes olemasolevatega võimaldab käesoleva töö raames loodudsüsteem suuremat täpsust emotsioonide äratundmisel. Lisaks anname käesolevastöös ülevaate kirjanduses väljapakutud süsteemidest, millel on võimekus tunda äraemotsiooniga seotud ̆zeste. Selle ülevaate eesmärgiks on hõlbustada uute uurimissuundade leidmist, mis aitaksid lisada töö raames loodud süsteemile ̆zestipõhiseemotsioonituvastuse võimekuse, et veelgi enam tõsta süsteemi emotsioonide äratundmise täpsust.Automatic multimodal emotion recognition is a fundamental subject of interest in affective computing. Its main applications are in human-computer interaction. The systems developed for the foregoing purpose consider combinations of different modalities, based on vocal and visual cues. This thesis takes the foregoing modalities into account, in order to develop an automatic multimodal emotion recognition system. More specifically, it takes advantage of the information extracted from speech and face signals. From speech signals, Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, filter-bank energies and prosodic features are extracted. Moreover, two different strategies are considered for analyzing the facial data. First, facial landmarks' geometric relations, i.e. distances and angles, are computed. Second, we summarize each emotional video into a reduced set of key-frames. Then they are taught to visually discriminate between the emotions. In order to do so, a convolutional neural network is applied to the key-frames summarizing the videos. Afterward, the output confidence values of all the classifiers from both of the modalities are used to define a new feature space. Lastly, the latter values are learned for the final emotion label prediction, in a late fusion. The experiments are conducted on the SAVEE, Polish, Serbian, eNTERFACE'05 and RML datasets. The results show significant performance improvements by the proposed system in comparison to the existing alternatives, defining the current state-of-the-art on all the datasets. Additionally, we provide a review of emotional body gesture recognition systems proposed in the literature. The aim of the foregoing part is to help figure out possible future research directions for enhancing the performance of the proposed system. More clearly, we imply that incorporating data representing gestures, which constitute another major component of the visual modality, can result in a more efficient framework