Resilient Strategies and Sustainability in Agri-Food Supply Chains in the Face of High-Risk Events

[EN] Agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) are very vulnerable to high risks such as pandemics, causing economic and social impacts mainly on the most vulnerable population. Thus, it is a priority to implement resilient strategies that enable AFSCs to resist, respond and adapt to new market challenges. At the same time, implementing resilient strategies impact on the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The objective of this paper is twofold: analyze resilient strategies on AFSCs in the literature and identify how these resilient strategies applied in the face of high risks affect the achievement of sustainability dimensions. The analysis of the articles is carried out in three points: consequences faced by agri-food supply chains due to high risks, strategies applicable in AFSCs, and relationship between resilient strategies and the achievement of sustainability dimensions.Authors of this publication acknowledge the contribution of the Project 691249, RUC-APS "Enhancing and implementing Knowledge based ICT solutions within high Risk and Uncertain Conditions for Agriculture Production Systems" (www.ruc-aps.eu), funded by the European Union under their funding scheme H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015.Zavala-Alcívar, A.; Verdecho Sáez, MJ.; Alfaro Saiz, JJ. (2020). Resilient Strategies and Sustainability in Agri-Food Supply Chains in the Face of High-Risk Events. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. 598:560-570. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62412-5_46S560570598Gray, R.: Agriculture, transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis. Can. J. Agric. 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A Systems Approach and Notional Response Model for Preserving the Health System during the COVID-19 Pandemic

During any pandemic, it has long been known that local jurisdictions would need to be self-sufficient with little or no outside assistance, particularly from the federal government. While all eyes have been on California, New York, and Massachusetts, the capacities of health systems in other states have yet to be put to the test. If there are subsequent waves of COVID-19 and other jurisdictions see significant increases in disease spread, the systems used to respond will become critical.Using a review and synthesis approach, this article explores our collective experience and knowledge as it pertains to use of alternate care sites for dealing with the patient surge created by a disease outbreak. Probing the concept of alternate care site (ACS) systems reveals various types of alternate care sites that may be employed during an outbreak. The historical value of ACS models used during outbreak response are discussed. This culminates in the development of a notional response model and list of actions that should be taken by all jurisdictions as we prepare for additional waves of disease

Association of Simulated COVID-19 Vaccination and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions With Infections, Hospitalizations, and Mortality

IMPORTANCE Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to significantly reduce transmission and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The relative importance of vaccination strategies and nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of simulated COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and coverage scenarios with and without NPIs with infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An established agent-based decision analytical model was used to simulate COVID-19 transmission and progression from March 24, 2020, to September 23, 2021. The model simulated COVID-19 spread in North Carolina, a US state of 10.5 million people. A network of 1 017 720 agents was constructed from US Census data to represent the statewide population. EXPOSURES Scenarios of vaccine efficacy (50% and 90%), vaccine coverage (25%, 50%, and 75% at the end of a 6-month distribution period), and NPIs (reduced mobility, school closings, and use of face masks) maintained and removed during vaccine distribution. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Risks of infection from the start of vaccine distribution and risk differences comparing scenarios. Outcome means and SDs were calculated across replications. RESULTS In the worst-case vaccination scenario (50% efficacy, 25%coverage), a mean (SD) of 2 231 134 (117 867) new infections occurred after vaccination began with NPIs removed, and a mean (SD) of 799 949 (60 279) new infections occurred with NPIs maintained during 11 months. In contrast, in the best-case scenario (90% efficacy, 75%coverage), a mean (SD) of 527 409 (40 637) new infections occurred with NPIs removed and a mean (SD) of 450 575 (32 716) new infections occurred with NPIs maintained. With NPIs removed, lower efficacy (50%) and higher coverage (75%) reduced infection risk by a greater magnitude than higher efficacy (90%) and lower coverage (25%) compared with theworst-case scenario (mean [SD] absolute risk reduction, 13%[1%] and 8%[1%], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Simulation outcomes suggest that removing NPIs while vaccines are distributed may result in substantial increases in infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Furthermore, as NPIs are removed, higher vaccination coverage with less efficacious vaccines can contribute to a larger reduction in risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with more efficacious vaccines at lower coverage. These findings highlight the need for well-resourced and coordinated efforts to achieve high vaccine coverage and continued adherence to NPIs before many prepandemic activities can be resumed

The role of operations and supply chains in mitigating social disruptions caused by COVID-19: a stakeholder dynamic capabilities view

Purpose: The disruption caused by COVID-19 exhorts to reiterate the role of operations and supply chain management (OSCM) in achieving social sustainability. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a conceptual understanding of the OSCM ecosystem's role in enabling the world to accelerate towards social sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses the integrative review method to achieve the stated objectives. The study first identifies the societal disruptions caused by COVID-19. Then based on dynamic capabilities (DC) theory, stakeholder theory and real-life examples, the study puts forward the stakeholder dynamic capabilities (SDC) view as an approach to overcome these social challenges. Findings: Taking the SDC view, the study identified ten social challenges aggravated by the COVID-19. Response actions for OSCM have been proposed to mitigate these challenges. Research limitations/implications: The pandemic has brought new challenges to the OSCM to achieve social sustainability. Therefore, the study's proposed response actions aim to assist OSCM managers in leveraging their expertise to do good for society and create a better world. Moreover, the study also provides avenues for future research on the topic. Originality/value: Based on the SDC view, the study attempts to conceptualise social sustainability for OSCM during a pandemic. The SDC view helps capture internal and external social challenges emerging due to COVID-19 and utilise firms' capabilities to overcome these challenges

Dose-optimal vaccine allocation over multiple populations

For a large number of infectious diseases, vaccination is the most effective way to prevent an epidemic. However, the vaccine stockpile is hardly ever sufficient to treat the entire population, which brings about the challenge of vaccine allocation. To aid decision makers facing this challenge, we provide insights into the structure of this problem. We first investigate the dependence of health benefit on the fraction of people that receive vaccination, where we define health benefit as the total number of people that escape infection. We start with the seminal SIR compartmental model. Using implicit function analysis, we prove the existence of a unique vaccination fraction that maxi- mizes the health benefit per dose of vaccine, and that the health benefit per dose of vaccine decreases monotonically when moving away from this fraction in either direc- tion. Surprisingly, this fraction does not coincide with the so-called critical vaccination coverage that has been advocated in literature. We extend these insights to other compartmental models such as the SEIR model. These results allow us to provide new insights into vaccine allocation to multiple non-interacting or weakly interacting populations. We explain the counter-intuitive switching behavior of optimal allocation. We show that allocations that maximize health benefits are rarely equitable, while equitable allocations may be significantly non-optimal

Exploring food supply chain trends in the COVID-19 era: A bibliometric review

Recently, the food supply chain (FSC) has been severely disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, putting the vital flow of food products from farmers and producers to the ultimate consumers at risk. Furthermore, due to the pandemic, several food organizations have been prompted to rethink their strategies for the future. Although the literature on FSC research in the COVID-19 era is increasing, no attempt has been made to summarize this stream of research using bibliometric techniques. This paper fills this knowledge gap and looks at the current scholarly discourse around the FSC and COVID-19. Applying bibliometric techniques, 287 journal articles were extracted from Scopus and analyzed to determine the temporal evolution of FSC research, the most productive journals, researchers, countries, and the most relevant keywords and publications. To construct a keyword co-occurrence network and categorize the relevant literature, we used the computer program VOSviewer. The findings demonstrate the rapid expansion of FSC research during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the top authors, publications, and nations for scientific output were also determined. Keyword co-occurrence network and detailed qualitative analysis both illustrate that FSC research revolves around six main themes: the impact of COVID-19 on the FSC and agriculture, FSC resilience, food waste and insecurity, fisheries and aquaculture, blockchain technology, and governance and innovation. This study represents the first effort to map worldwide FSC research in the COVID-19 era and draw on a comprehensive collection of journal articles and bibliometric approaches. It offers academics, practitioners, and decision-makers a snapshot of the state of the art in the FSC field and points to where further research is needed

Emergency food supplies and food security in Wuhan and Nanjing, China, during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a field survey

Detailed empirical work on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security is scant. Local management of food security has received little attention.This article describes emergency food policies in Wuhan and Nanjing, China during lockdown in 2020 and their implications for household food security in the two cities.Policy documents and background data describe the emergency measures. Online surveys of residents of two Chinese cities were used to gauge household food security

Resource planning strategies for healthcare systems during a pandemic

We study resource planning strategies, including the integrated healthcare resources’ allocation and sharing as well as patients’ transfer, to improve the response of health systems to massive increases in demand during epidemics and pandemics. Our study considers various types of patients and resources to provide access to patient care with minimum capacity extension. Adding new resources takes time that most patients don't have during pandemics. The number of patients requiring scarce healthcare resources is uncertain and dependent on the speed of the pandemic's transmission through a region. We develop a multi-stage stochastic program to optimize various strategies for planning limited and necessary healthcare resources. We simulate uncertain parameters by deploying an agent-based continuous-time stochastic model, and then capture the uncertainty by a forward scenario tree construction approach. Finally, we propose a data-driven rolling horizon procedure to facilitate decision-making in real-time, which mitigates some critical limitations of stochastic programming approaches and makes the resulting strategies implementable in practice. We use two different case studies related to COVID-19 to examine our optimization and simulation tools by extensive computational results. The results highlight these strategies can significantly improve patient access to care during pandemics; their significance will vary under different situations. Our methodology is not limited to the presented setting and can be employed in other service industries where urgent access matters

O direito à alimentação adequada no planejamento municipal em contextos de pandemia: defesas do direito no território

The objective of this article is to define the necessary elements that must be considered to guarantee the right to adequate food in confinement contexts and that can be adopted by municipal and district governments through their development plans. For this paper, a qualitative research with a documentarytype hermeneutic approach was carried out. It included the search of specialized literature in academic and scientific databases, the systematization of information in bibliographic records and the analysis of this information in discussion sessions with all the work team. The obligatory isolation as a measure to prevent the spread and contagion of COVID-19 has produced economic impacts that expose a food crisis in the city of Medellín, its attention has been made from exceptional, conjunctural and welfare measures. This has revealed the absence of an accessibility strategy and availability of adequate food, at the juncture, in the short, medium and long terms, configuring a structural violation of the right to adequate food. Based on a review of the declared exception regime, the analysis of the project of the development plan for Medellín and the guidelines provided by international organizations, a set of elements that should be considered in the design of an adequate food accessibility and availability strategy are proposed in emergency situations that require mandatory preventive isolation.El objetivo del presente artículo es definir los elementos necesarios que se deben considerar para la garantía del derecho a la alimentación adecuada en contextos de confinamiento y que pueden ser adoptados por los gobiernos municipales y distritales a través de sus planes de desarrollo. Para la elaboración del artículo se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque hermenéutico de tipo documental, incluyó el rastreo de literatura especializada en bases de datos académicas y científicas, la sistematización de información en fichas bibliográficas y el análisis de esta información en sesiones de discusión con todo el equipo de trabajo. El aislamiento obligatorio como medida para prevenir la propagación y contagio de la COVID-19 ha producido impactos económicos que exponen una crisis alimentaria en la ciudad de Medellín, su atención se ha dado con medidas de excepción, coyunturales y asistencialistas. Ello ha revelado la inexistencia de una estrategia de accesibilidad y disponibilidad de alimentación adecuada, tanto en la coyuntura como en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, lo cual configura una violación estructural del derecho a la alimentación adecuada. A partir de una revisión del régimen de excepción declarado, el análisis del proyecto del plan de desarrollo para Medellín y los lineamientos aportados por organismos internacionales se propone un conjunto de elementos que se deberían tomar en consideración en el diseño de una estrategia de accesibilidad y disponibilidad de alimentación adecuada en situaciones de emergencia que requieran aislamiento preventivo obligatorio.Este artigo tem o objetivo de definir os elementos necessários que devem ser considerados para garantir o direito à alimentação adequada em contextos de confinamento e que podem ser adotados pelos governos municipais e estaduais por meio de seus planos de desenvolvimento. Para a elaboração do artigo foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem hermenêutica de tipo documental; além disso, rastreamento da literatura especializada em bases de dados acadêmicas e científicas, sistematização da informação em fichas bibliográficas e análise dela em sessões de discussão com toda a equipe de trabalho. O isolamento obrigatório como medida para prevenir a propagação e contágio da Covid-19 tem produzido impactos econômicos que expõem uma crise alimentar na cidade de Medellín, Colômbia; sua atenção vem sendo dada com medidas de exceção, conjunturais e assistencialistas. Isso revela a inexistência de uma estratégia de acessibilidade e disponibilidade de alimentação adequada, tanto na conjuntura quanto em curto, médio e longo prazo, o que configura uma violação estrutural do direito à alimentação adequada. A partir de uma revisão do regime de exceção declarado, da análise do projeto do plano de desenvolvimento para Medellín e dos lineamentos apresentados por organizações internacionais, é proposto um conjunto de elementos que deveriam ser considerados na elaboração de estratégias de acessibilidade e disponibilidade de alimentação adequada em situações de emergência que exigem isolamento preventivo obrigatório