Direct torque control of electric vehicle drives using hybrid techniques

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have the capability of delivering a high torque-to-current ratio, better efficiency and low noise. Because of the above-mentioned factors, PMSMs are commonly employed in variable speed drives, especially in electric vehicle (EV) applications. Without the usage of electromechanical devices, the conventional direct torque control (DTC) can control the speed and torque of PMSM. DTC is highly efficient, fast-tracking and provides smooth torque while limiting its ripple during transient periods. There are many benefits to using a DTC-controlled PMSM drive, including quick and reliable torque reaction, high-performance control speed, and enhanced performance. This research examines the use of the DTC approach to enhance the speed and torque behavior of PMSM. The jellyfish search optimizer (JSO) is used to adjust the DTC's responsiveness and tailor the controller's best gains. In order to train the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller, JSO data are utilized. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed JSO-ANFIS controller achieves a minimal torque ripple of 0.26 Nm and preserves the speed with a harmonic error of 1.21% while contrasted to existing methods

Critical Aspects of Electric Motor Drive Controllers and Mitigation of Torque Ripple - Review

Electric vehicles (EVs) are playing a vital role in sustainable transportation. It is estimated that by 2030, Battery EVs will become mainstream for passenger car transportation. Even though EVs are gaining interest in sustainable transportation, the future of EV power transmission is facing vital concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of torque ripple mitigation and improved reliability control techniques in motors, many motor drive control algorithms fail to provide efficient control. To efficiently address this issue, control techniques such as Field Orientation Control (FOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), Model Predictive Control (MPC), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and Intelligent Control (IC) techniques are used in the motor drive control algorithms. This literature survey exclusively compares the various advanced control techniques for conventionally used EV motors such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), and Induction Motors (IM). Furthermore, this paper discusses the EV-motors history, types of EVmotors, EV-motor drives powertrain mathematical modelling, and design procedure of EV-motors. The hardware results have also been compared with different control techniques for BLDC and SRM hub motors. Future direction towards the design of EV by critical selection of motors and their control techniques to minimize the torque ripple and other research opportunities to enhance the performance of EVs are also presented.publishedVersio

Advances in Rotating Electric Machines

It is difficult to imagine a modern society without rotating electric machines. Their use has been increasing not only in the traditional fields of application but also in more contemporary fields, including renewable energy conversion systems, electric aircraft, aerospace, electric vehicles, unmanned propulsion systems, robotics, etc. This has contributed to advances in the materials, design methodologies, modeling tools, and manufacturing processes of current electric machines, which are characterized by high compactness, low weight, high power density, high torque density, and high reliability. On the other hand, the growing use of electric machines and drives in more critical applications has pushed forward the research in the area of condition monitoring and fault tolerance, leading to the development of more reliable diagnostic techniques and more fault-tolerant machines. This book presents and disseminates the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modeling, application, control, and condition monitoring of all types of rotating electric machines

Semi-Analytical Approach Towards Design and Optimization of Induction Machines for Electric Vehicles

Electric machine design is a comprehensive task depending on the several factors, such as material resource limitations and economic factors. Therefore, an induction machine is a promising candidate because of the absence of magnetic material in the rotor. However, the conventional design approach can neither reflect the advances of the induction machine(IM) design nor exploit the trade-offs between design factors and the multi-physics nature of the electrical machine. Therefore, proposing fast and accurate novel methods to design, develop and analyze IMs using electromagnetic field oriented approaches is competitive to the old-fashion numerical methods. To achieve improved IM design from a baseline design to an optimal design, this dissertation: (1) Investigates the challenges of the high speed IM design specified for the electric vehicle application at the rated operating condition considering electromagnetic boundaries for the reasonable saturation level within a compact volume; (2) Proposes a new design approach of IM using modified equivalent circuit parameters to reduce spatial harmonics because of slotting effect and skewing effect; and also presents the importance of the 3-D analysis over 2-D analysis while developing the IM; (3) Proposes a novel electromagnetic field oriented mathematical model considering the slotting effect and axial flux variation because of skewing rotor bars to evaluate the IM performance with a lower and precise computational effort; (4) developed baseline IM is optimized with genetic algorithm incorporated in proposed subdomain model to improve the torque-speed profile. In order to further simplify the optimization procedure, a parametric and sensitivity based design approach is implemented to reduce the design variables. To evaluate the proposed optimal IM with extended constant power region and high torque density within a compact volume using novel 3-D subdomain model, the machine has been prototyped and tested from low to high speed under no-load and loaded condition. Electrical circuit parameter variation is demonstrated and compared to the one simulated in the FEA environment. This innovation can be applied to a family of electric machines with various topologies

Advances in the Field of Electrical Machines and Drives

Electrical machines and drives dominate our everyday lives. This is due to their numerous applications in industry, power production, home appliances, and transportation systems such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles, ships, and aircrafts. Their development follows rapid advances in science, engineering, and technology. Researchers around the world are extensively investigating electrical machines and drives because of their reliability, efficiency, performance, and fault-tolerant structure. In particular, there is a focus on the importance of utilizing these new trends in technology for energy saving and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This Special Issue will provide the platform for researchers to present their recent work on advances in the field of electrical machines and drives, including special machines and their applications; new materials, including the insulation of electrical machines; new trends in diagnostics and condition monitoring; power electronics, control schemes, and algorithms for electrical drives; new topologies; and innovative applications

Novel control techniques in multiphase drives: direct control methods (DTC and MPC) under limit situations.

Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado U

Analysis and Design Optimization of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for a Campus Patrol Electric Vehicle

© 1967-2012 IEEE. This work presents the analysis, design and optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for an electric vehicle (EV) used for campus patrol with a specific drive cycle. Firstly, based on the collected data like the parameters and speed from a test EV on the campus road, the dynamic calculation of the EV is conducted to decide the rated power and speed range of the drive PMSM. Secondly, according to these requirements, an initial design and some basic design parameters are obtained. Thirdly, optimization process is implemented to improve the performance of the designed PMSM. The permanent magnet (PM) structure, airgap length and stator core geometry are optimized respectively in this step. Different optimization processes are proposed to meet multiple optimization objectives simultaneously. Based on the finite element analysis (FEA) method, it is found that the harmonic of the optimized PMSM is lower than that of the initial design, and the torque ripple is reduced by 24%. The effectiveness of optimization on the core loss and PM eddy loss is validated and the temperature rise is suppressed effectively. Finally, a prototype is fabricated for the optimized PMSM and an experimental platform is developed. The test results verify that the optimized PMSM meets the requirements of the specific campus patrol EV well

A Review on Weighting Factor Design of Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Strategies for AC Electric Drives

Model predictive control has been widely applied to AC electric drives over the last decade. Despite the proposed solutions, researchers are still seeking to find more effective solutions for weighting factor design, parameter dependency, current/torque harmonics, variable switching frequency, and computational complexity. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the weighting factor design techniques for finite control set model predictive control strategies for AC electric drives. First, the paper introduces the conventional model predictive control techniques for electric drives over permanent magnet synchronous motors. Second, weighting factor design methods are discussed under two main headings: weighting factor selection and weighting factor elimination methods. Third, the ongoing challenges and future trends are addressed by considering the current literature. Based on this review, it is obvious that each weighting factor design method still has problems that await more effective solutions. Finally, this paper reviews various weighting factor design methods for AC electric drives, reveals the advantages and disadvantages of existing methods in terms of control performance, flexibility, design complexity, and computational complexity, and highlights future trends

Field weakening and sensorless control solutions for synchronous machines applied to electric vehicles.

184 p.La polución es uno de los mayores problemas en los países industrializados. Por ello, la electrificación del transporte por carretera está en pleno auge, favoreciendo la investigación y el desarrollo industrial. El desarrollo de sistemas de propulsión eficientes, fiables, compactos y económicos juega un papel fundamental para la introducción del vehículo eléctrico en el mercado.Las máquinas síncronas de imanes permanentes son, a día de hoy la tecnología más empleada en vehículos eléctricos e híbridos por sus características. Sin embargo, al depender del uso de tierras raras, se están investigando alternativas a este tipo de máquina, tales como las máquinas de reluctancia síncrona asistidas por imanes. Para este tipo de máquinas síncronas es necesario desarrollar estrategias de control eficientes y robustas. Las desviaciones de parámetros son comunes en estas máquinas debido a la saturación magnética y a otra serie de factores, tales como tolerancias de fabricación, dependencias en función de la temperatura de operación o envejecimiento. Las técnicas de control convencionales, especialmente las estrategias de debilitamiento de campo dependen, en general, del conocimiento previo de dichos parámetros. Si no son lo suficientemente robustos, pueden producir problemas de control en las regiones de debilitamiento de campo y debilitamiento de campo profundo. En este sentido, esta tesis presenta dos nuevas estrategias de control de debilitamiento de campo híbridas basadas en LUTs y reguladores VCT.Por otro lado, otro requisito indispensable para la industria de la automoción es la detección de faltas y la tolerancia a fallos. En este sentido, se presenta una nueva estrategia de control sensorless basada en una estructura PLL/HFI híbrida que permite al vehículo continuar operando de forma pseudo-óptima ante roturas en el sensor de posición y velocidad de la máquina eléctrica. En esta tesis, ambas propuestas se validan experimentalmente en un sistema de propulsión real para vehículo eléctrico que cuenta con una máquina de reluctancia síncrona asistidas por imanes de 51 kW

Torque Control

This book is the result of inspirations and contributions from many researchers, a collection of 9 works, which are, in majority, focalised around the Direct Torque Control and may be comprised of three sections: different techniques for the control of asynchronous motors and double feed or double star induction machines, oriented approach of recent developments relating to the control of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors, and special controller design and torque control of switched reluctance machine