The Watchman for Truth : Professional Licensing and the First Amendment

This Article addresses a particular aspect of many kinds of professional practice: the rendering of advice to clients. Drawing on their knowledge and experience, professionals may recommend a certain course of action to their clients in the course of their practice. The client may then assess the recommendation and decide whether or not to act on it. This aspect of professional practice involves a speech-related activity, so government regulation might raise at least a colorable First Amendment issue. This Article also focuses on a particular aspect of the regulation of professional advice, namely, licensure. When professional advice rendering activities are covered by a system of licensure, particularly acute First Amendment questions arise because the license requirement arguably acts as a prior restraint on speech. A prior restraint is a legal requirement that an individual obtain permission from the government before speaking

Toward a conceptual framework for designing sustainable cyber-physical system architectures: A systematic mapping study

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) represent devices whose components enable interaction between machines and processes. One of the biggest challenges of these systems today is the ability to adjust to changes at the time of execution as they are implemented in environments with a multidimensional complexity, this challenge is currently addressed from the design of the systems themselves by integrating sustainability. With this problem in mind, the present document describes a systematic mapping study of the literature with the goal of demonstrating the current panorama of the frameworks, designs, and/or models used at the time of initiating the development of a cyber-physical system. As a result, it has been concluded that there is a lack of guidelines to construct sustainable, and evolvable cyber-physical systems. To address these issues, a framework for designing sustainable CPS architectures is outlined

An Investigation of Students' Learning of Integral Calculus with Maple Software and Paper-Pencil Strategies in the Western Region of Ghana.

The goal of the research was to look into the impact of Maple software instruction on senior high school students' understanding of integral calculus. The study adopted a mixed-method design comprising qualitative and quantitative research designs. The researcher used both purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select one hundred (100) participants: fifty (50) participants for the control group and fifty (50) participants for the experimental group. The data collection instruments used in the study were an interview, pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and an Independent Samples t-test. The study found that 7(7%) participants found it difficult to execute correct substitution of the lower and upper limits of definite integral questions. Moreover, most of the participants, 35(35%), omitted the constant of integration after responding to the indefinite integral test item of the pre-test. It was noted that 18(18%) of the participants could not correctly integrate the polynomial or quadratic function administered to them. The independent samples t-test analysis of the post-test scores for the experimental and control groups revealed a statistically significant difference between the experimental group (M = 24.80; SD = 9.48) and the control group (M = 20.65; SD = 7.67). The estimated t-statistic was (t = 2.986; p = 0.005). This shows that Maple Software's experimental group outperformed the control group using the paper and pencil strategy. The analysis of the interview data indicated that Maple Software has contributed to the success of students’ achievement in the integral calculus by arousing and sustaining the student’s interest. The Maple Software also made it easier for students to follow the calculus instruction. The findings recommended that technology and mathematical software should be used in the teaching and learning of integration at schools

An electronic storage and access system for special education legislation

In the field of education, instructional leaders must know the regulations governing the assessment, curriculum, and instruction of all students. An area of special concern is the regulations governing programs for students with disabilities. Although the average population of students with disabilities may represent less than 10% of the total student body, the school administrator is responsible for maintaining access to the most current regulations, for accurately interpreting, and effectively implementing federal and state mandates to ensure that the due process rights of the students with disabilities are upheld. Yet the laws and regulations governing special education programs are continually changing. Having immediate and accurate access to the most current regulations are critical problems for administrators of special education programs.;One means of providing the regulations is the computer. With the use of hypertext-based software, computers are presently and successfully being used in business and medicine for training and reference storage. Therefore, SpeciaLink was developed to serve as a prototypical system for the delivery of the regulations governing special education programs.;To evaluate SpeciaLink, an experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness and efficiency of manipulating and extracting the stored regulations. A controlled experiment involving the use of hypertext programming was conducted in Virginia school districts. The research project used a random sample of secondary school administrators from 15 school districts. The sample frame participants were given a survey to identify their knowledge of the Virginia Regulations Governing Special Education Programs for Children with Disabilities, 1994. For a trial period of two months, the experimental group was given the software, SpeciaLink, that allowed them to electronically access the regulations. After the trial, the entire sample frame was re-surveyed.;Following the pilot program, statistical interpretation of the results revealed that a hypertext-based system is an effective and efficient tool for manipulating and extracting information from the regulations governing special education programs. Because the hypertext-based software promises to be so useful in special education, future research should examine the possibilities of expanding the use of electronically storing local mandates and court litigation that pertain to special education programming

The Paradox of Source Code Secrecy

In Lear v. Adkins, the Supreme Court precipitously wrote, federal law requires that all ideas in general circulation be dedicated to the common good unless they are protected by a valid patent. Today, it is clear that trade secrecy\u27s dominance over source code has been a significant cause for concern in cases involving the public interest. To protect civil rights in the age of automated decision making, I argue, we must limit opportunities for seclusion in areas of intellectual property, criminal justice, and governance more generally. The solution, therefore, does not require a complete overhaul of the existing system, but rather a more nuanced, granular approach that seeks to balance the interest of disclosure and public access with the substantial values of protection, privacy, and property

Modest growth ahead

We conduct an analysis on Booking Holdings, Inc. and the Online Travel Market in which it operates to understand the trends opportunities and risks driving the market. Following this analysis, we focus on a Discounted Cash Flow model to derive a forecasted stock price for Booking Holdings, Inc. as of December 2020

An appraisal of the use of computer music notation software among selected high school music teachers

Thesis (D.M.A.)--Boston UniversityThe use and availability of computer software in support of music composition developed dramatically during the latter part ofthe twentieth century. As technology advanced, so did the ability to compose, notate, and edit music using computer software. The use of notation software has impacted music education. Many high school music educators have implemented music notation software into their music courses. The purpose of the present study was to gain a greater understanding of the practice of high school music teachers who use music notation software in their music classrooms. The specific research questions guiding this project were: (a) How do the high school music teachers in this study describe their experiences with music notation software in the music curriculum? (b) What do the high school music teachers in this study believe students learn through the use of music notation software? (c) How does using music notation software influence the teaching practices of the high school music teachers in this study? This was a collective (multiple) case study investigating how three high school music teachers at three different schools used music notation software in their curricula. I (a) observed and audio recorded music technology classroom instruction, (b) took field notes, and (c) conducted personal interviews over the course of one nine-week high school marking period. Each participant was observed and interviewed three times. The interviews were audio recorded and field notes were taken during each observation. A system of coding was employed to organize the data into categories for analysis. Member checking, triangulation of data sources, bias clarification, peer briefing, and an external audit were used as measures of trustworthiness. Findings ofthe study indicated that music teachers used notation software primarily for teaching students music composition, theory, and ear training. The findings also revealed that music teachers observed in the study preferred the use of music notation software over traditional means ofteaching and noted an increase in its pedagogical value in the classroom. Additionally, the results of the study showed that music teachers observed an increase in student classroom engagement and adaptability when using music notation software