Body Mass Index, Sleep Quality, Stress Conditions Determine Menstrual Cycles Among Female Adolescents

Menstrual cycles are an important indicator of women's health. Menstrual cycles can be affected by body mass index (BMI), sleep quality, and stress. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between BMI, sleep quality, stress and the menstrual cycle. The subjects of this research were the female adolescents at the age of at least 15 years old that had experienced menstruation for at least 2 years. The dependent variable is the menstrual cycle while the independent variables are BMI, sleep quality, and stress conditions. Observational analytic research method with Cross sectional design was used in this research. The subjects were 148 female students. The BMI data were obtained through the anthropometric measurement. The sleep quality data were taken with PSQI questionnaire, and the stress condition data obtained from PSS-10 questionnaire which were then analysed using Chi-Square test and Logistic Regression. Results of study showed that there is a significant relationship between BMI, sleep quality, stress conditions and the adolescent menstrual cycle. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the female adolescents with abnormal BMI are at risk of having menstrual cycle disorders 1.91 times. The adolescents with poor sleep quality are at risk experiencing menstrual cycle disorders 2.05 times, and the adolescents with stress conditions at risk of the menstrual cycle disorders 2.26 times. There is a relationship between BMI, sleep quality, stress conditions and the menstrual cycle. Stress conditions most influence the regularity of the menstrual cycle

Characteristics of the Menstrual Cycle After Discontinuation of Oral Contraceptives

Background: Menstrual cycle function may continue to be altered after discontinuation of oral contraceptives (OC). Few studies have been published on the effects of recent OC use on menstrual cycle parameters; none have examined characteristics of the menstrual flow or the quality of cervical mucus. The purpose of this retrospective matched cohort study is to assess biomarkers of the menstrual cycle after discontinuation of OCs. Methods: Among a sample of women who daily recorded observations of menstrual cycle biomarkers, 70 women who had recently discontinued OCs were randomly matched by age and parity with 70 women who had not used OCs for at least 1 year. Outcomes investigated included overall cycle length, length of the luteal phase, estimated day of ovulation, duration of menstrual flow, menstrual intensity, and mucus score. Differences between recent OC users and controls were assessed using random effects modeling. Results: Recent OC users had statistically significantly lower scores for mucus quality for cycles 1 and 2. Additionally, OC users had a later estimated day of ovulation that was statistically significant in cycle 2 and a decreased intensity of menstrual flow that was significant in the first four cycles (difference = −0.48 days). In random effects modeling, all these parameters were significantly different for the first six cycles combined. Conclusions: Menstrual cycle biomarkers are altered for at least two cycles after discontinuation of OCs, and this may help explain the temporary decrease in fecundity associated with recent OC use

Effect of the menstrual cycle on performance of intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running in a hot environment

The present study examined the impact of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on performance of high intensity intermittent running in the heat [31.0 (0.2) oC; 23.1 (0.9) % RH]. Seven normally menstruating women (NM) and 8 oral contraceptive (OC) users participated in the study. Two trials were undertaken near the predicted mid-point of the follicular (FT) and luteal (LT) phases of the menstrual cycle and the equivalent days for the oral contraceptive users. Basal serum progesterone concentrations were higher during the LT for the NM group [FT: 2.42 (0.28) vs. LT: 25.96 (11.28) nmol.l-1; P<0.05], but were not different for the OC [1-14: 2.79 (0.38) vs. 15-28: 2.61 (0.32) nmol.l-1]. There were no differences in distance run between menstrual cycle phases or between the normally menstruating and oral contraceptive groups [NM FT: 6257 (1401) vs. LT: 5861 (1035) m]. However the OC ran further in the days 15-28 compared to days 1-14 [OC 1-14: 5481 (612) vs 15-28: 6615 (893) m, P<0.05]. For the NM, rectal temperature, perceived exertion, estimated SR, serum growth hormone, plasma lactate, ammonia and glucose did not differ between phases of the menstrual cycle. For the OC, heart rate, perceived exertion, sweat rate, plasma lactate and ammonia did not differ between days 1- 14 of oral contraceptive use and days 15-28. However rectal temperature was higher (P<0.05) and growth hormone tended to be higher (P=0.05) during days 15-28, while plasma glucose was lower (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that for unacclimatised games players the performance of intermittent, high intensity shuttle running in the heat is unaffected by menstrual cycle phase but is influenced by oral contraceptive use

Menstrual cycle and competitive bidding

In an experiment using two-bidder first-price sealed bid auctions with symmetric independent private values, we collected information on the female participants' menstrual cycles. We find that women bid significantly higher than men in their menstrual and premenstrual phase but do not bid significantly different in other phases of the menstrual cycle. We suggest an evolutionary hypothesis according to which women are genetically predisposed by hormones to generally behave more riskily during their fertile phase of their menstrual cycle in order to increase the probability of conception, quality of offspring, and genetic variety. Our finding is in contrast to results by Chen, Katuscak and Ozdenoren (2005, 2009).hormones; menstrual cycle; gender; likelihood of conception; first price auction; risk behavior; competition; bidding; endocrinological economics

Menstrual Cycle Irregularity and Body Mass Index Among Secondary School Students in Sragen, Central Java

BACKGROUND: The Indonesian Health Survey in 2010 reported that 68.3% of women aged 10-59 years old had a regular menstrual cycle in the past one year. Approximately 13.7% of the affected women experienced problem associated with irregular menstrual cycle. Irregular menstrual cycle may cause anxiety, heighten emotional sensitivity, and disturb daily activities in the affected women. Irregular menstrual cycle occurs due to imbalanced sexual hormone. This hormonal imbalance might be worsened by poor nutritional status. This study aimed to estimate the association between irregular menstrual cycle and body mass index. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Sragen, Central Java. A sample of class IX secondary school (MTs) students in Kalijambe, Sragen, was selected at random for this study. The dependent variable was the menstrual cycle irregularity in the past 3 months. It was measured by a questionnaire. The independent variable was body mass index. The body weight was measured by a weight scale. The body height was measured by micro-toise. The association between study variables was estimated by Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the sample had normal body weight, 43.8% were underweight, 6.3% were obese. As much as 12.5% of them had irregular menstrual cycle. There was a very weak and statistically non-significant correlation between body mass index and menstrual cycle irregularity (r=0.08; p=0.183). CONCLUSION: There was a very weak and statistically non-significant correlation between body mass index and menstrual cycle regularity. Keywords: menstrual cycle, regularity, body mass inde

Menstrual cycle patterns of college students in Gorgan-Northeast of Iran: Identify its association with sociodemographic factors

Purpose: The menstrual cycle is used as a sign of women's health. Objective of study is determining the current menstrual patterns of students in Gorgan-Northeast of Iran, and evaluation of affecting factors on the cycle. Material and Methods: The study participants included 106 college student, females aged 18-30 that filled a questionnaire to detect the menstrual pattern, affecting factors on menstrual cycle. Main outcomes of variables compared using ANOVA. Logistic regression was used to model factors for menstrual regularity. Results: The mean ± SD age, menstruation lengths, age at menarche in student girls were 20.58±2.13, 28.02±1.88 and 13.53±1.30, respectively. 59.2% of girls had age 20-25 and 39.8% of these students had normal cycle. Also of 53.4 % of students with normal cycle, 31.8% of students had body mass index 20-24.99. Age at menarche of 56.8% of all participants was 13-14 years. Comparison of regression coefficients between factors and reported menstrual patterns shows similar results for students of all categories of menstrual cycle. Conclusion: This study provides a look at negative correlation of menstrual cycle's length with factors in college students of Gorgan - Northeast of Iran and points to importance of racial differences

The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Menstrual Cycle of Female Students in SMK Negeri 2 Gorontalo

Introduction: The menstrual cycle is a regularly coordinated hormonal process in a woman's body which can be an indicator to describe a woman's reproductive health. Riskesdas (2018) shows that 11.7% of Indonesian youth experience menstrual cycle disorders. Body Mass Index (BMI) can be a factor that can interfere with the menstrual cycle, so the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the menstrual cycle in female students at SMK Negeri 2 Gorontalo.Method: This study used a cross-sectional design. The sample was selected using a probability sampling technique utilizing simple random sampling with a total sample of 173 people, the instruments used were scales and meters for body mass index data and menstrual cycle questionnaires. The study was conducted in November 2022. The relationship between BMI and the menstrual cycle was tested using the Spearman correlation test.Results: Out of 173 respondents whose data were analyzed, 128 respondents (74%) had a normal BMI, 19 respondents (11%) were underweight, and 26 respondents (15%) were overweight. Among the total respondents, 117 (67.6%) had a normal menstrual cycle, while 56 (32.4%) had an abnormal cycle. There were 14 respondents (10.9%) with normal BMI, 18 respondents (94.7%) with underweight BMI, and 24 respondents (92.3%) with overweight BMI who had an abnormal menstrual cycle. There was a significant correlation between BMI and menstrual cycle among female students of SMK Negeri Gorontalo, with a p-value of 0.019.Conclusion: significant association exists between BMI and menstrual cycle among SMK Negeri 2 Gorontalo female students. This study can serve as a recommendation for the school to provide information regarding reproductive health, particularly menstrual cycles

Variability in the Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Objective: To determine variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle among healthy, regularly cycling women. Design: A prospective descriptive study of a new data set with biological markers to estimate parameters of the menstrual cycles. Participants: One hundred forty one healthy women (mean age 29 years) who monitored 3 to 13 menstrual cycles with an electronic fertility monitor and produced 1,060 usable cycles of data. Measures and Outcomes: Variability in the length of the menstrual cycle and of the follicular, fertile, and luteal phases, and menses. The estimated day of ovulation and end of the fertile phase was the peak fertility reading on the monitor (i.e., the urinary luteinizing hormone surge). Results: Mean total length was 28.9 days (SD= 3.4) with 95% of the cycles between 22 and 36 days. Intracycle variability of greater than 7 days was observed in 42.5% of the women. Ninety-five percent of the cycles had all 6 days of fertile phase between days 4 and 23, but only 25% of participants had all days of the fertile phase between days 10 and 17. Conclusions: Among regularly cycling women, there is considerable normal variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle. The follicular phase contributes most to this variability

Menstrual cycle phase does not predict political conservatism

Recent authors have reported a relationship between women's fertility status, as indexed by menstrual cycle phase, and conservatism in moral, social and political values. We conducted a survey to test for the existence of a relationship between menstrual cycle day and conservatism. 2213 women reporting regular menstrual cycles provided data about their political views. Of these women, 2208 provided information about their cycle date, 1260 provided additional evidence of reliability in self-reported cycle date, and of these, 750 also indicated an absence of hormonal disruptors such as recent hormonal contraception use, breastfeeding or pregnancy. Cycle day was used to estimate day-specific fertility rate (probability of conception); political conservatism was measured via direct self-report and via responses to the "Moral Foundations” questionnaire. We also recorded relationship status, which has been reported to interact with menstrual cycle phase in determining political preferences. We found no evidence of a relationship between estimated cyclical fertility changes and conservatism, and no evidence of an interaction between relationship status and cyclical fertility in determining political attitudes. Our findings were robust to multiple inclusion/exclusion criteria and to different methods of estimating fertility and measuring conservatism. In summary, the relationship between cycle-linked reproductive parameters and conservatism may be weaker or less reliable than previously thought