Ketidaksetiaan : Eksplorasi Ilmiah tentang Perselingkuhan

Perselingkuhan telah menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab adanya keretakan dalam sebuah hubungan hingga tak sedikit yang berujung pada perceraian. Perselingkuhan merupakan sebuah pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang sudah memiliki pasangan terhadap norma yang mengatur tingkat keintiman emosional atau fisik dengan orang-orang di luar hubungannya dengan pasangan. Perilaku ini bisa dilakukan oleh siapa saja termasuk wanita, meskipun prevalensinya menunjukkan bahwa pria lebih banyak menjadi pelaku perselingkuhan. Beberapa penelitian yang ada meninjau topik ini baik dari aspek sosial maupun psikologis. Dampak negatifnya bervariasi terhadap kesehatan mental individu diantaranya seperti depresi, kecemasan, penurunan kepercayaan diri serta penurunan self-esteem. Penelitian terkini mencoba untuk mengaitkan antara perselingkuhan dengan aspek-aspek biologis agar mendapatkan gambaran keterkaitan antara genetika, hormonal, dan proses otak dalam memengaruhi predisposisi seseorang untuk melakukan perselingkuhan

On jealousy, envy, sex differences and temperament in humans and dogs

Cook, Prichard, Spivak, and Berns (2018) find that dogs’ levels of trait aggression are positively correlated with their amygdala activation when observing their caregivers giving a food to a fake dog. The authors conclude that this may provide neural evidence in dogs for the experience of jealousy, an emotion that some psychologists consider to be unique to humans. Here we explain the difference between the emotions of jealousy and envy, suggesting some ideas for future experiments that may help disentangle the experience of jealousy from that of envy in dogs. We also propose ideas for future research that may yield a more in-depth understanding of jealousy, and whether jealousy exists, in non-human animals

What can the social emotions of dogs teach us about human emotions?

It has long been believed that social emotions such as guilt and jealousy are only expressed in humans. In the case of jealousy, its adaptive value has been linked to the prevention of sexual infidelity or fairness. So why would dogs feel jealousy? I suggest that understanding how social emotions have been bred into dogs can help us understand our own emotions, including their functionality — and potentially their mechanisms

What can the social emotions of dogs teach us about human emotions?

It has long been believed that social emotions such as guilt and jealousy are only expressed in humans. In the case of jealousy, its adaptive value has been linked to the prevention of sexual infidelity or fairness. So why would dogs feel jealousy? I suggest that understanding how social emotions have been bred into dogs can help us understand our own emotions, including their functionality — and potentially their mechanisms

On jealousy, envy, sex differences and temperament in humans and dogs

Cook, Prichard, Spivak, and Berns (2018) find that dogs’ levels of trait aggression are positively correlated with their amygdala activation when observing their caregivers giving a food to a fake dog. The authors conclude that this may provide neural evidence in dogs for the experience of jealousy, an emotion that some psychologists consider to be unique to humans. Here we explain the difference between the emotions of jealousy and envy, suggesting some ideas for future experiments that may help disentangle the experience of jealousy from that of envy in dogs. We also propose ideas for future research that may yield a more in-depth understanding of jealousy, and whether jealousy exists, in non-human animals

Displaying jealous behavior versus experiencing jealousy

Jealous behavior is the manifestation of complex behavioral interactions initiated by an individual who aims to maintain an important social relationship that is threatened by a rival. Researchers prefer to focus on the emotion thought to control this behavior, “jealousy,” before understanding the mechanisms of the behavior. Researchers conducting recent behavioral studies on jealous behavior in dogs are still struggling to find strong experimental evidence. Thus, the positive correlation between amygdala activation and reported aggression in dogs described in Cook et al.’s target article is far from constituting evidence for “jealousy” in dogs

Qualitative Analysis of Preventing Factors for Extramarital Relationships

Introduction: Extramarital relationships is one of the most important factors threatening marriage between couples. As understanding the preventing factors has a very high value in maintaining the quality of marriage, therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the experiences of married couples about the preventing factors for extramarital relationships. Method: This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach. The samples were selected from couples who got married one year ago, for this purpose, 19 couples were selected using purposeful sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews until data saturation. Data were analyzed using coding technique (Strauss and Corbin) with a focus on the theoretical and purposeful sampling, and concept development. Results: In this study, three categories of factors including internal factors (self-awareness, spirituality, and fear), external factors (context, culture, foresight, and family), and relational factors (spiritual intimacy and relational intimacy) were identified as the effective preventing factors for extramarital relationships. Conclusion: It seems necessary to determine the factors threatening the comfort and stability of the family as the cornerstone of society. In the present study, it was found that a set of factors including internal, external, and relational factors, protected couples from extramarital relationships. The results of this study can be used in the development of preventive and therapeutic programs in the areas of marital infidelit

Sexual Jealousy

Sexual jealousy is a basic emotion. Although it lacks a distinctive facial expression and is unlikely to solve problems of survival, it evolved because it solves adaptive problems of mating. Some adaptive functions are similar in men and women at one level of abstraction, such as warding off potential mate poachers and deterring relationship defection. Other functions are sex-differentiated, such as increasing paternity probability for men and monopolizing a mate\u27s economic commitments for women. Dozens of studies have documented sex-differentiated design features of jealousy: The relative upset about sexual and emotional aspects of infidelity; processing speed and memorial recall of sexual and emotional infidelity cues; physiological distress to sexual and emotional infidelity cues; qualities of same-sex rivals that evoke jealousy, such as superior job prospects versus greater physical attractiveness; triggers of mate retention tactics; jealous interrogations following the discovery of infidelity; and whether an infidelity produces forgiveness or breakup. Although showing all the hallmarks of evolved functionality, sexual jealousy also leads to tremendous destruction, from humiliation to homicide. By these scientific theoretical and empirical criteria, sexual jealousy is properly considered not only "basic" but also "one of the most important emotions"

Jealousy in dogs? Evidence from brain imaging

Domestic dogs are highly social and have been shown to be sensitive not only to the actions of humans and other dogs but to the interactions between them. We used the C-BARQ scale to estimate dogs’ aggressiveness, and we used noninvasive brain imaging (fMRI) to measure activity in their amygdala (an area involved in aggression). More aggressive dogs had more amygdala activation data while watching their caregiver give food to a realistic fake dog than when they put the food in a bucket. This may have some similarity to human jealousy, adding to a growing body of evidence that differences in specific brain activities correlate with differences in canine temperament. The amygdala response habituates when an interaction is observed repeatedly, suggesting that repeated exposures may be a useful behavioral intervention with potentially aggressive dogs