Multiobjective centralized DEA approach to Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games

"Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License...."There exist two types of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches to the Olympic Games: conventional and fixed-sum outputs (FSO). The approach proposed in this paper belongs to the latter category as it takes into account the total number de medals of each type awarded. Imposing these constraints requires a centralized DEA perspective that projects all the countries simultaneously. In this paper, a multiobjective FSO approach is proposed, and the Weighted Tchebychef solution method is employed. This approach aims to set all output targets as close as possible to their ideal values. In order to choose between the alternative optima, a secondary goal has been considered that minimizes the sum of absolute changes in the number of medals, which also renders the computed targets to be as close to the observed values as possible. These targets represent the output levels that could be expected if all countries performed at their best level. For certain countries, the targets are higher than the actual number of medals won while, for other countries, these targets may be lower. The proposed approach has been applied to the results of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and compared with both FSO and non-FSO DEA method

Revisión bibliográfica de aplicaciones de Análisis de Datos Involucrados en Juegos Olímpicos

O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca da avaliação de desempenho dos países em jogos olímpicos, analisando, especificamente, estudos que englobam a técnica não-paramétrica Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Os artigos científicos encontrados são datados no período de 2002 a 2018. Requereu-se a organização da evolução das modelagens matemáticas aplicadas e análise dos resultados no processo de avaliação dos jogos. Além disso, observou-se as variáveis utilizadas e outras técnicas que auxiliaram os autores na avaliação realizada. Identificou-se uma tendência, na literatura mais recente, para o uso do modelo DEA em redes. De modo geral, verifica-se que os países padecem de escores mais altos de eficiência, sobretudo no âmbito administrativo. Portanto, após este tipo de disseminação de conhecimento, é possível identificar a necessidade de remodelar e implantar novas estratégias de direcionamento de recursos, a fim de obter melhores índices de desempenho em jogos dessa magnitude.The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of the literature on the performance evaluation of countries in Olympic Games, specifically analyzing studies that encompass the non-parametric technique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The scientific articles are dated from 2002 to 2018. It was necessary to organize the evolution of applied mathematical models and analyze the results in the game evaluation process. In addition, it was observed that the variables used and other techniques that helped the authors in the evaluation performed. A trend has been identified in the most recent literature for the use of the DEA model in networks. In general, countries are found to suffer from higher efficiency scores, especially at the administrative level. Therefore, after this type of dissemination of knowledge, it is possible to identify the need to remodel and implement new resource allocation strategies in order to obtain better performance indices in games of this magnitude.El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la evaluación del desempeño de los países en los juegos olímpicos, analizando específicamente los estudios que abarcan el análisis de la envolvente de datos (DEA) de la técnica no paramétrica. Los artículos científicos datan de 2002 a 2018. Fue necesario organizar la evolución de los modelos matemáticos aplicados y analizar los resultados en el proceso de evaluación del juego. Además, se observó que se realizaron las variables utilizadas y otras técnicas que ayudaron a los autores en la evaluación. Se ha identificado una tendencia en la literatura más reciente para el uso del modelo DEA en redes. En general, se encuentra que los países sufren calificaciones de eficiencia más altas, especialmente a nivel administrativo. Por lo tanto, después de este tipo de difusión de conocimiento, es posible identificar la necesidad de remodelar e implementar nuevas estrategias de asignación de recursos para obtener mejores índices de rendimiento en juegos de esta magnitud

Research on Sustainable Development of Competitive Sports in China Based on PSR and DEA Model

From the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the sustainable development of competitive sports has become more and more popular in China. Therefore, for the sustainable development of China's competitive sports, first, the logical relationship of “pressure-state-response” is adopted to select the index system, covering the elements of the economy, society, policy, and so on. Principal component analysis and entropy weight method are used to construct the comprehensive evaluation model of the sustainable development of competitive sports. Second, through the coupling coordination method to study the coordinated development of China's competitive sports and economic society, and then from the perspective of the obstacle factor diagnosis method to determine the obstacles to the sustainable development of China's competitive sports system. Finally, the DEA model is used to predict the development level of competitive sports in China's provinces in the next 10–20 years. The research shows that the overall development level of competitive sports in China is good, but there are certain differences among different regions. Meanwhile, from the forecast results, the development level of competitive sports in Hainan, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Ningxia may be greatly improved in the future. Based on the above research conclusions, this study puts forward some suggestions to give full play to the joint and synergistic development effect among different regions, reasonably draw lessons from the advanced experience of competitive sports development at home and abroad, and scientifically construct the comprehensive development system of competitive sports. At the same time, the research of this study provides some reference value for the sustainable development of China's competitive sports and the coordinated development of China's competitive sports and economic society

Resource Allocation of the National Sport Federations of Turkey with Inverse DEA

Sporcular, antrenörler, sponsorlar ve kamu otoritelerini içeren paydaşlarının beklentilerini karşılamak için ulusal spor federasyonlarının (NSF'ler) performans ölçüm modellerini üstlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Ters Veri Zarflama Analizi(InDEA) modelleri kullanılarak 18. Akdeniz Oyunları'na katılan Türkiye'den 15 spor federasyonunun etkinlik analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, spor federasyonlarının ortalama verimliliğinin oldukça düşük olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Önerilen InDEA modeli, NSF'lerin ve farklı organizasyonların yöneticilerine üretim analizi, performans ölçümü, kaynak planlama ve stratejik yönetim konusunda yardımcı olabilir.In order to meet the expectations of their stakeholders involving athletes, coaches, sponsors and public authorities, national sport federations (NSFs) need to undertake performance measurement models. In this study, using inverse Data Envelopment Analysis (InDEA) models, an efficiency analysis of 15 sports federations of Turkey which participated in the 18th Mediterranean Games was performed. The results revealed that the average efficiency of the sports federations was considerably low. The suggested InDEA model can help managers of NSFs and different organizations with production analysis, performance measurement, resource planning and strategic management

Assessment of the efficiency of spanish football teams through profiling

The aim of this paper is to assess the efficiency of Spanish football teams that participated in the Spanish First Division between 2011 and 2016. We started by specifying the production function of football teams using the production process as a basis. Considering all the moves that can be made during a match, ordering them in the logical sequence that usually links them together and considering ball possession and non-possession as different phases lead to disaggregating the match into eight subdivisions whose efficiency is calculated using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) variant known as profiling. The representative input and output variables considered in these eight subdivisions are moves made during the matches. However, the actions football teams perform, irrespective of their type, are not the result of a standardised procedure. This has two consequences on the number of moves in the field of play: firstly, a minimal variation in playing conditions (both the team's and its opponent's) can alter the number; and, secondly, it is very difficult to control and arrive at a figure possibly established in advance. Since these circumstances can be interpreted as data imprecision, one of the stochastic DEA proposals has also been used in this paper as a calculation tool to verify the robustness of the results. The results show the subdivisions in which the use of moves can be improved to increase the number of actions in the next stage. This knowledge could provide guidance for technical personnel for their training sessions

Medida da eficiência relativa de fazendas de gado com serviço de assistência técnica

The objective of this research was to measure the relative efficiency of cattle farms that are provided with technical support. Located in the municipalities of Duitama, Belen, Cerinza and Paipa in the department of Boyaca (Colombia). For the development of this research Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA methodology was used. The technical support was performed at 121 farms which became the target population of this research. As a result it was shown that in more than thirty-five percent of the farms the efficiency ratio is above 60% and for 25% of these farms efficiency is over 90%.El objetivo de esta investigación fue medir la eficiencia relativa de fincas ganaderas a las cuales se les presta el servicio de asistencia técnica, ubicadas en los municipios de Duitama, Belén, Cerinza y Paipa en el departamento de Boyacá (Colombia). Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se usó la metodología Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA. La asistencia se realizó a 121 fincas, las cuales se convirtieron en la población objeto de esta investigación. A nivel de los resultados se evidenció que en más del treinta y cinco por ciento de las fincas el índice de eficiencia es superior al 60 % y para el 25% de estas fincas su eficiencia es superior al 90%.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi medir a eficiência relativa de fazendas de gado às quais se presta serviço de assistência técnica, localizadas nos municípios de Duitama, Belén, Cerinza e Paipa no departamento de Boyacá (Colômbia). Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa utilizou-se a metodologia Data Envelopment Analysis – DEA. A assistência realizou-se a 121 fazendas, as quais se tornaram a população objeto desta pesquisa. A nível dos resultados se evidenciou que em mais de trinta e cinco por cento das fazendas o índice de eficiência é superior a 60 % e para 25 % destas fazendas sua eficiência é superior a 90 %

The constitution and mobilization of soft power in the people's republic of China

This thesis asks the central question of how soft power has been constituted and mobilized by the People's Republic of China (PRC). It also investigates what factors have shaped the constitution and mobilisation of China's soft power in PRC's international engagement. This study argues that soft power derives from the mobilization and promotion of non-material power sources. It treats soft power not as a static quality but as multifaceted and dynamic. In PRC's case, there is both change and continuity of state government's efforts to attract targeted audiences through the mobilization and promotion of non-material dimensions of power at different historical moments. Change and continuity of China's soft power is rooted in this country's evolving perceptions of its national identity and role in the international system. In supporting this argument, the thesis examines the promotion of non-material sources of power in PRC's international engagement at two key historical moments: Maoist China in the first half of the 1960s; and China during the hosting of the 2008 Olympic Games. In both cases, this thesis demonstrates that sources of China's soft power has been purposefully chosen and promoted by the PRC in its interaction with foreign countries. The thesis thereafter compares and contrasts the two case studies with respect to international context, purposes, components, tools, and targeted audience of China's soft power. It concludes by reflecting on change and continuity of China's soft power and provides an explanation of such change and continuity. This study of China's soft power aims to make two main contributions. In terms of its theoretical contribution, this thesis suggests that soft power is not a static attribute of a state. A state's sense of identity may shape how it seeks to cultivate, interpret and mobilize the non-material sources of power. How an actor seeks to represent itself on the world stage can shape the way it chooses to interpret, cultivate, mobilize and project its non-material sources of power. The articulation and promotion of its "chosen" sources of soft power are both derivative of and reproductive of that representation. In terms of the study of China's soft power, this thesis provides a deeper understanding of China's soft power. It demonstrates that soft power is not something "new" to China. It has, however, been understood and used differently over time according to China's sense of its own identity and its role in the global community. This is closely related to its perceptions of its role in relation to others in the international system and the way in which it seeks to project this role

“Wolf Totem” – metaphorical narrative of sustainability reporting practice from a balanced ecosystem perspective: a longitudinal study of sustainability reporting by Chinese banks

This research attempts to explain and evaluate corporate sustainability reporting practices from an ecosystems perspective, through the application of metaphors. It argues that commonly held ideas of sustainable development, which many firms embrace to produce sustainability reports, narrowly focus on the sustainability performances of individual firms and fail to comprehend a broader systems view, that incorporates a holistic understanding of sustainability embracing ecological perspectives. The study draws on the work of Chinese intellectual Jiang Rong, author of a best-selling semi-autobiographical novel Wolf Totem, which documents the life experiences of a Beijing student sent to the Inner Mongolian countryside during China’s Cultural Revolution. Reflecting on his experiences, the author describes the powerful interrelationships between human beings, animals, nature and culture that work in harmony to sustain nomadic life. The novel is used in this research as a contextual landscape to construct a series of multi-tiered metaphors to make sense of corporate sustainability reporting through metaphorical interpretations. By narrating the Chinese banking sector as the “ecosystem”, various actors within the sector are examined to establish their roles and functions in the ecosystem. This is made possible by conducting a summative content analysis on sustainability reports issued by Chinese banks for the period 2008 to 2012 and a metaphorical narrative representation of the findings. This research aims to become one of the first studies of its kind to use a cross-disciplinary framework and application of metaphors to comprehend sustainability reporting practice with a focus on the context of a financial service sector in a strong, emerging economy

Essays on efficiency and international tourism

RESUMEN: Esta tesis doctoral consta de tres ensayos sobre la economía del turismo. En el primer y tercer ensayo se realiza un análisis de eficiencia turística de las regiones españolas y de los factores que pueden estar determinando su evolución. En el segundo ensayo se hace una profunda revisión bibliográfica sobre la literatura que analiza la eficiencia turística a nivel mundial. El período de análisis abarca desde la última mitad del siglo XX (entre 1978 en el caso del estudio de la bibliografía turística, año en el que Charnes, Cooper y Rhodes introducen el Análisis Envolvente de Datos) hasta el periodo más reciente de nuestra economía (2018 en el tercer ensayo). En los dos ensayos que analizan la eficiencia turística en España el periodo comprende desde inicios del siglo XXI (2008 en el caso de la eficiencia de los destinos turísticos españoles) hasta los datos más actuales disponibles en este momento.ABSTRACT: This doctoral thesis consists of three essays on the economics of tourism. In the first and third essay an analysis of tourist efficiency of the Spanish regions and of the factors that may be determining their evolution is carried out. In the second essay, an in-depth bibliographical review is done on the literature that analyzes tourism efficiency worldwide. The analysis period covers from the last half of the twentieth century (between 1978 in the case of the study of the tourist bibliography, year in which Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes introduce the Data Envelope Analysis) until the most recent period of our economy ( 2018 in the third essay). In the two essays that analyze tourism efficiency in Spain, the period ranges from the beginning of the 21st century (2008 in the case of the efficiency of Spanish tourist destinations) to the most current data available at this time

Beyond a Social-cognitive Perspective on Doping - Towards an Integrative Model of Person-Situation Interactions

Doping als psychosoziales Verhalten stellt mehr als die bloße Verletzung von Anti-Doping-Regeln dar. Doping betrifft sowohl den (Hoch-)Leistungs- als auch den Breiten- und Freizeitsport. Für die Vorhersage von Doping haben Einstellungen einen nachweislich großen Einfluss, jedoch konnte bisher kein zufriedenstellendes theoretisches Modell, welches sowohl Personen- und Situationsfaktoren ausreichend berücksichtigt, gefunden werden. Die erste Publikation konzentriert sich auf methodische Fragen zur Erfassung impliziter Dopingeinstellungen. Dieser Beitrag, der auf duale Einstellungstheorien (z.B., Fazio, 1990) basiert, diskutiert die indirekte Messung von Dopingeinstellungen mittels Impliziten Assoziationstest (Greenwald et al., 1998). Die zweite Publikation stützt sich auf ein erweitertes Dopingverständnis und untersucht den Schmerzmittelkonsum in Abhängigkeit von Situations- und Personenfaktoren anhand der Annahmen von Rational-Choice-Theorie und Routine-Activity-Ansatz (Clarke & Cornish, 1985; Cohen & Felson, 1979). Abschließend wird der Einfluss von moralischen Entscheidungen auf Doping diskutiert (z. B. Ntoumanis et al., 2014). Das Ethische Dilemmatraining (Elbe & Brand, 2016) stellt eine neue Methode dar, um die moralische Entscheidungsfähigkeit zu steigern und moralische Werte und Überzeugungen zu stärken. Als integrierender theoretischer Rahmen wird die Situational Action Theory (z. B., Wikström, 2014) vorgeschlagen, welche sowohl die Interaktion von Personen- und Situationsfaktoren als auch die moralische Entscheidungsfindung miteinander verbindet. Weiterführende Implikationen für die Dopingforschung und -prävention werden diskutiert.:List of Publications III List of Figures IV List of Tables VI Abstract VII Zusammenfassung VIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Overview on Doping in Sports 1 1.2 Defining Doping - Strengths and Weaknesses 3 1.2.1 World Anti-Doping Code 4 1.2.2 Limitations of WADA Code 6 1.2.3 Doping as (Deviant) Social Behavior 7 2 A Review on Current Research on Doping 11 2.1 Prevalence of Doping Elite and Recreational Sport 11 2.2 Doping and Legal and Illegal Substance (Mis-)Use 15 2.3 Doping and Related Personal and Situational Factors 19 3 Modelling Doping - A Theoretical Overview 21 3.1 A Summary of Relevant Theories on Doping 21 3.1.1 Theory of Planned Behavior 21 3.1.2 Sport Drug Control Model 22 3.1.3 Life Cycle Model 24 3.1.4 Trans-contextual Model of Avoid Doping 25 3.2 A Dual-process Perspective on Doping 27 3.3 A Person-Situation Perspective - Impact of Situation and Context 31 3.4 A Gateway to Doping 34 3.5 Implication for Further Theoretical Discussion 37 4 Aim of Thesis and General Research Questions 39 5 Publications 43 5.1 Publication Manuscript 1 43 5.2 Publication Manuscript 2 51 5.3 Publication Manuscript 3 61 6 General Discussion and Conclusion 79 6.1 Future Perspectives on Research of Doping Attitudes 79 6.2 A Different Understanding of the Person-Situation Interaction 81 6.3 Bridging the Gap - An Integrative Model of Person and Situation 82 6.3.1 Situational Action Theory (SAT) 82 6.3.2 SAT - New Implications for Doping Research 90 6.4 Future Implications and Challenges for Doping Prevention 95 6.5 Conclusion 97 7 References 101 8 Appendix 130 8.1 Thesis Statement of Originality 130 8.2 Statement of Authorship 131 8.3 Curriculum Vitae 132Doping - as a psychosocial behavior - is more than simply violating anti-doping rules and laws. Doping has become a part of high-performance and recreational sports. Attitudes toward doping among athletes have been sufficiently proven as an important impact factor. However, theoretical consideration of the person-situation mode with other relevant factors (e.g., moral disengagement or situational factors) into an integrated understanding of doping is still needed. The first study presented in this thesis focusses on methodological issues and the assessment of implicit doping attitudes. Based on dual process theories of attitudes (e.g., Fazio, 1990), the first paper discusses the indirect measurement of doping attitudes via the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998) as a tool to overcome limitations of self-reported attitudes. The second study presented here uses a broader understanding of doping and focuses on the parallelism of doping and doping-like behavior. The study analyzes the use of NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in different intake situations. The influence of situation and person factors is tested by using the assumption of high- and low-cost situations from the Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Approach (e.g., Clarke & Cornish, 1985; Cohen & Felson, 1979). Finally, research has shown that moral decision-making has an impact on doping behavior (e.g., Ntoumanis et al., 2014). Ethical dilemma training (e.g., Elbe & Brand, 2016) may be employed as a new method to increase moral decision-making ability and to strengthen moral values and beliefs. Accordingly, the third research paper presented discusses this as a new approach to doping prevention. Overall, this thesis introduces Situational Action Theory ( e.g., Wikström, 2014) as an integrative theoretical approach, focussing on the person-situation interaction, as well as on moral decision-making. Further implications for doping research and for prevention are discussed.:List of Publications III List of Figures IV List of Tables VI Abstract VII Zusammenfassung VIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Overview on Doping in Sports 1 1.2 Defining Doping - Strengths and Weaknesses 3 1.2.1 World Anti-Doping Code 4 1.2.2 Limitations of WADA Code 6 1.2.3 Doping as (Deviant) Social Behavior 7 2 A Review on Current Research on Doping 11 2.1 Prevalence of Doping Elite and Recreational Sport 11 2.2 Doping and Legal and Illegal Substance (Mis-)Use 15 2.3 Doping and Related Personal and Situational Factors 19 3 Modelling Doping - A Theoretical Overview 21 3.1 A Summary of Relevant Theories on Doping 21 3.1.1 Theory of Planned Behavior 21 3.1.2 Sport Drug Control Model 22 3.1.3 Life Cycle Model 24 3.1.4 Trans-contextual Model of Avoid Doping 25 3.2 A Dual-process Perspective on Doping 27 3.3 A Person-Situation Perspective - Impact of Situation and Context 31 3.4 A Gateway to Doping 34 3.5 Implication for Further Theoretical Discussion 37 4 Aim of Thesis and General Research Questions 39 5 Publications 43 5.1 Publication Manuscript 1 43 5.2 Publication Manuscript 2 51 5.3 Publication Manuscript 3 61 6 General Discussion and Conclusion 79 6.1 Future Perspectives on Research of Doping Attitudes 79 6.2 A Different Understanding of the Person-Situation Interaction 81 6.3 Bridging the Gap - An Integrative Model of Person and Situation 82 6.3.1 Situational Action Theory (SAT) 82 6.3.2 SAT - New Implications for Doping Research 90 6.4 Future Implications and Challenges for Doping Prevention 95 6.5 Conclusion 97 7 References 101 8 Appendix 130 8.1 Thesis Statement of Originality 130 8.2 Statement of Authorship 131 8.3 Curriculum Vitae 13