Measurement and Modeling of Subway Near Shadowing Phenomenon.

This paper focuses on one vital aspect in propagation characteristics inside subway tunnels: near shadowing phenomenon in a practical environment. In order to characterize this effect, an accurate measurement has been made at 2.4 GHz in a real environment in Madrid subway. By analyzing the numerical results in this measurement, the characteristic of near shadowing phenomenon in propagation process has been revealed and corresponding engineering suggestions have been given in order to compensate the near shadowing effect. Finally, statistical model including the depth, duration and length of near shadowing, fast fading and attenuation inside wide tunnel and narrow tunnel has been built and simulated

Measurement and analysis of extra propagation loss of tunnel curve

Wave propagation experiences extra loss in curved tunnels, which is highly desired for network planning. Extensive narrow-band propagation measurements are made in two types of Madrid subway tunnels (different cross sections and curvatures) with various configurations (different frequencies and polarizations). A ray tracer validated by the straight and curved parts of the measuring tunnels is employed to simulate the reference received signal power by assuming the curved tunnel to be straight. By subtracting the measured received power in the curved tunnels from the simulated reference power, the extra loss resulting from the tunnel curve is extracted. Finally, this paper presents the figures and tables quantitatively reflecting the correlations between the extra loss and radius of curvature, frequency, polarization, and cross section, respectively. The results are valuable for statistical modeling and the involvement of the extra loss in the design and network planning of communication systems in subway tunnels

UHF propagation channel characterization for tunnel microcellular and personal communications.

by Yue Ping Zhang.Publication date from spine.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-200).DEDICATIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSChapterChapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Brief Description of Tunnels --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Review of Tunnel Imperfect Waveguide Models --- p.2Chapter 1.3 --- Review of Tunnel Geometrical Optical Model --- p.4Chapter 1.4 --- Review of Tunnel Propagation Experimental Results --- p.6Chapter 1.5 --- Review of Existing Tunnel UHF Radio Communication Systems --- p.13Chapter 1.6 --- Statement of Problems to be Studied --- p.15Chapter 1.7 --- Organization --- p.15Chapter 2 --- Propagation in Empty Tunnels --- p.18Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18Chapter 2.2 --- Propagation in Empty Tunnels --- p.18Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Imperfect Empty Straight Rectangular Waveguide Model --- p.19Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Hertz Vectors for Empty Straight Tunnels --- p.20Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Propagation Modal Equations for Empty Straight Tunnels --- p.23Chapter 2.2.4 --- The Propagation Characteristics of Empty Straight Tunnels --- p.26Chapter 2.2.5 --- Propagation Numerical Results in Empty Straight Tunnels --- p.30Chapter 2.3 --- Propagation in Empty Curved Tunnels --- p.36Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Imperfect Empty Curved Rectangular Waveguide Model --- p.37Chapter 2.3.2 --- The Hertz Vectors for Empty Curved Tunnels --- p.39Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Propagation Modal Equations for Empty Curved Tunnels --- p.41Chapter 2.3.4 --- The Propagation Characteristics of Empty Curved Tunnels --- p.43Chapter 2.2.5 --- Propagation Numerical Results in Empty Curved Tunnels --- p.47Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.50Chapter 3 --- Propagation in Occupied Tunnels --- p.53Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53Chapter 3.2 --- Propagation in Road Tunnels --- p.53Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Imperfect Partially Filled Rectangular Waveguide Model --- p.54Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Scalar Potentials for Road tunnels --- p.56Chapter 3.2.3 --- The Propagation Modal Equations for Road Tunnels --- p.59Chapter 3.2.4 --- Propagation Numerical Results in Road Tunnels --- p.61Chapter 3.3 --- Propagation in Railway Tunnels --- p.64Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Imperfect Periodically Loaded Rectangular Waveguide Model --- p.65Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Surface Impedance Approximation --- p.66Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The Surface Impedance of a Semi-infinite Lossy Dielectric Medium --- p.66Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- The Surface Impedance of a Thin Lossy Dielectric Slab --- p.67Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- The Surface Impedance of a Three-layered Half Space --- p.69Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- The Surface Impedance of the Sidewall of a Train in a Tunnel --- p.70Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Hertz Vectors for Railway Tunnels --- p.71Chapter 3.3.4 --- The Propagation Modal Equations for Railway Tunnels --- p.73Chapter 3.3.5 --- The Propagation Characteristics of Railway Tunnels --- p.76Chapter 3.3.6 --- Propagation Numerical Results in Railway Tunnels --- p.78Chapter 3.4 --- Propagation in Mine Tunnels --- p.84Chapter 3.4.1 --- The Imperfect periodically Loaded Rectangular Waveguide Model --- p.85Chapter 3.4.2 --- The Hertz Vectors for Mine Tunnels --- p.86Chapter 3.4.3 --- The Propagation modal Equations for Mine Tunnels --- p.88Chapter 3.4.4 --- The Propagation Characteristics of Mine Tunnels --- p.95Chapter 3.4.5 --- Propagation Numerical Results in Mine Tunnels --- p.96Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.97Chapter 4 --- Statistical and Deterministic Models of Tunnel UHF Propagation --- p.100Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.100Chapter 4.2 --- Statistical Model of Tunnel UHF Propagation --- p.100Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experiments --- p.101Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Experimental Set-ups --- p.102Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Experimental Tunnels --- p.104Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Experimental Techniques --- p.106Chapter 4.2.2 --- Statistical Parameters --- p.109Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Parameters to Characterize Narrow Band Radio Propagation Channels --- p.109Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Parameters to Characterize Wide Band Radio Propagation Channels --- p.111Chapter 4.2.3 --- Propagation Statistical Results and Discussion --- p.112Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Tunnel Narrow Band Radio Propagation Characteristics --- p.112Chapter 4.2.3.1.1 --- Power Distance Law --- p.114Chapter 4.2.3.1.2 --- The Slow Fading Statistics --- p.120Chapter 4.2.3.1.3 --- The Fast Fading Statistics --- p.122Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Tunnel Wide Band Radio Propagation Characteristics --- p.125Chapter 4.2.3.2.1 --- RMS Delay Spread --- p.126Chapter 4.2.3.2.2 --- RMS Delay Spread Statistics --- p.130Chapter 4.3 --- Deterministic Model of Tunnel UHF Propagation --- p.132Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Tunnel Geometrical Optical Propagation Model --- p.134Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Tunnel Impedance Uniform Diffracted Propagation Model --- p.141Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Determination of Diffraction Points --- p.146Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Diffraction Coefficients for Impedance Wedges --- p.147Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison with Measurements --- p.151Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Narrow Band Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results --- p.151Chapter 4.3.3.1.1 --- Narrow Band Propagation in Empty Straight Tunnels --- p.151Chapter 4.3.3.1.2 --- Narrow Band Propagation in Curved or Obstructed Tunnels --- p.154Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Wide Band Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results --- p.158Chapter 4.3.3.2.1 --- Wide Band Propagation in Empty Straight Tunnels --- p.159Chapter 4.3.3.2.2 --- Wide Band Propagation in an Obstructed Tunnel --- p.163Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.165Chapter 5 --- Propagation in Tunnel and Open Air Transition Region --- p.170Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.170Chapter 5.2 --- Radiation of Radio Waves from a Rectangular Tunnel into Open Air --- p.171Chapter 5.2.1 --- Radiation Formulation Using Equivalent Current Source Concept --- p.171Chapter 5.2.2 --- Radiation Numerical Results --- p.175Chapter 5.3 --- Propagation Characteristics of UHF Radio Waves in Cuttings --- p.177Chapter 5.3.1 --- The Attenuation Constant due to the Absorption --- p.178Chapter 5.3.2 --- The Attenuation Constant due to the Roughness of the Sidewalls --- p.182Chapter 5.3.3 --- The Attenuation Constant due to the tilts of the Sidewalls --- p.183Chapter 5.3.4 --- Propagation Numerical Results in Cuttings --- p.184Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.187Chapter 6 --- Conclusion and Recommendation for Future Work --- p.189APPENDIX --- p.193The Approximate Solution of a Transcendental Equation --- p.193REFERENCES --- p.19

Propagation mechanism modelling in the near region of circular tunnels

Artículo sobre comunicaciones ferroviarias. Abstract: Along with the increase in operating frequencies in advanced radio communication systems utilised inside tunnels, the location of the break point is further and further away from the transmitter. This means that the near region lengthens considerably and even occupies the whole propagation cell or the entire length of some short tunnels. To begin with, this study analyses the propagation loss resulting from the free-space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism in the near region of circular tunnels, respectively. Then, by conjunctive employing the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a general analytical model of the dividing point between two propagation mechanisms is presented for the first time. Moreover, the model is validated by a wide range of measurement campaigns in different tunnels at different frequencies. Finally, discussions on the simplified formulae of the dividing point in some application situations are made. The results in this study can be helpful to grasp the essence of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels

Measurements and analysis of large-scale fading characteristics in curved subway tunnels at 920 MHz, 2400 MHz, and 5705 MHz

ave propagation characteristics in curved tunnels are of importance for designing reliable communications in subway systems. This paper presents the extensive propagation measurements conducted in two typical types of subway tunnels—traditional arched “Type I” tunnel and modern arched “Type II” tunnel—with300- and 500-m radii of curvature with different configurations—horizontal and vertical polarizations at 920, 2400, and 5705 MHz, respectively. Based on the measurements, statistical metrics of propagation loss and shadow fading (path-loss exponent, shadow fading distribution, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation) in all the measurement cases are extracted. Then, the large-scale fading characteristics in the curved subway tunnels are compared with the cases of road and railway tunnels, the other main rail traffic scenarios, and some “typical” scenarios to give a comprehensive insight into the propagation in various scenarios where the intelligent transportation systems are deployed. Moreover, for each of the large-scale fading parameters, extensive analysis and discussions are made to reflect the physical laws behind the observations. The quantitative results and findings are useful to realize intelligent transportation systems in the subway system

Channel Measurements and Models for High-Speed Train Wireless Communication Systems in Tunnel Scenarios: A Survey

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.The rapid developments of high-speed trains (HSTs) introduce new challenges to HST wireless communication systems. Realistic HST channel models play a critical role in designing and evaluating HST communication systems. Due to the length limitation, bounding of tunnel itself, and waveguide effect, channel characteristics in tunnel scenarios are very different from those in other HST scenarios. Therefore, accurate tunnel channel models considering both large-scale and small-scale fading characteristics are essential for HST communication systems. Moreover, certain characteristics of tunnel channels have not been investigated sufficiently. This article provides a comprehensive review of the measurement campaigns in tunnels and presents some tunnel channel models using various modeling methods. Finally, future directions in HST tunnel channel measurements and modeling are discussed

Ray Launching Modeling in Curved Tunnels with Rectangular or Non Rectangular Section

International audienceSeveral methods to model radio wave propagation in tunnels have been published in the literature and will be presented in this chapter with their advantages and drawbacks. Among them, only few works are dedicated to non rectangular cross section and curved tunnels. Hence, we focus on a new method recently developed. The structure of the chapter is as follows. Section 2 presents the context of the works and why deployments of wireless telecommunication systems are needed for transport applications. Existing techniques to model radio wave propagation in tunnel are presented in section 3 with their respective advantages and drawbacks. The fourth and fifth sections are respectively devoted to the design and the evaluation of a propagation prediction model for curved tunnel with a rectangular or a circular cross section. Finally, section 6 concludes and presents some perspectives to these works

An Integrative Overview of the Open Literature's Empirical Data on In-tunnel Radiowave Propagation's Power Loss

This paper offers a comprehensive and integrative overview of all empirical data available from the open literature on the in-tunnel radiowave-communication channel's power loss characteristics, as a function of the tunnel's cross-sectional shape, cross-sectional size, longitudinal shape, wall materials, presence or absence of vehicular/human traffic, and presence/absence of branches. These data were originally presented in about 50 papers in various journals, conferences, and books

Modeling of the Division Point of Different Propagation Mechanisms in the Near-Region Within Arched Tunnels

An accurate characterization of the near-region propagation of radio waves inside tunnels is of practical importance for the design and planning of advanced communication systems. However, there has been no consensus yet on the propagation mechanism in this region. Some authors claim that the propagation mechanism follows the free space model, others intend to interpret it by the multi-mode waveguide model. This paper clarifies the situation in the near-region of arched tunnels by analytical modeling of the division point between the two propagation mechanisms. The procedure is based on the combination of the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry. Three groups of measurements are employed to verify the model in different tunnels at different frequencies. Furthermore, simplified models for the division point in five specific application situations are derived to facilitate the use of the model. The results in this paper could help to deepen the insight into the propagation mechanism within tunnel environments

Propagation Mechanism modeling in the Near-Region of Arbitrary Cross-Sectional Tunnels.

Along with the increase of the use of working frequencies in advanced radio communication systems, the near-region inside tunnels lengthens considerably and even occupies the whole propagation cell or the entire length of some short tunnels. This paper analytically models the propagation mechanisms and their dividing point in the near-region of arbitrary cross-sectional tunnels for the first time. To begin with, the propagation losses owing to the free space mechanism and the multimode waveguide mechanism are modeled, respectively. Then, by conjunctively employing the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, the paper presents a general model for the dividing point between two propagation mechanisms. It is worthy to mention that this model can be applied in arbitrary cross-sectional tunnels. Furthermore, the general dividing point model is specified in rectangular, circular, and arched tunnels, respectively. Five groups of measurements are used to justify the model in different tunnels at different frequencies. Finally, in order to facilitate the use of the model, simplified analytical solutions for the dividing point in five specific application situations are derived. The results in this paper could help deepen the insight into the propagation mechanisms in tunnels