Utilisation de produits dits neutralisants. Etude réalisée sur trois types d'effluents malodorants

National audienceFace au développement de l'utilisation de produits de désodorisation dits "neutralisants" ou "destructeurs" des odeurs, en pulvérisation dans l'atmosphère, à l'émission ou à proximité immédiate d'ouvrages responsables d'odeurs, l'INERIS a procédé, pour le compte du Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement et de l'ADEME à une étude visant une meilleure connaissance des performances de ces produits. Deux types de produits ont été testés, en pulvérisation ou en lavage sommaire des gaz, dans des conditions réelles d'effluents industriels, et dans des conditions de laboratoire, en déterminant les efficacités de traitement olfactométriques (réduction de l'odeur) et physico-chimiques (abattement des composés responsables des odeurs) au moyen d'analyses simultanées. A l'issue de ces essais, on peut conclure que les produits de traitement des odeurs, proposés actuellement sur le marché pour désodoriser l'air vicié dans l'industrie, doivent être utilisés avec une grande prudence. En effet, la plupart des produits de pulvérisation peuvent apporter un réel confort olfactif par effet de masquage (remplacement d'une mauvaise odeur par une odeur " agréable "), mais il ne faut pas en attendre, a priori, un abattement significatif des polluants présents dans l'air malodorant

Analyse physico-chimique des composés odorants

National audienceLa détermination, en termes de priorités, des actions à mener pour réduire les nuisances olfactives au voisinage des installations industrielles, nécessite de caractériser les flux de polluants malodorants émis par les différentes unités, afin, d'une part de hiérarchiser les sources et, d'autre part d'orienter le choix des possibilités de réduction des nuisances avec une meilleure connaissance de la nature des composés malodorants et de l'évolution dans le temps des émissions. Afin de répondre à ces préoccupations, il convient de développer des méthodes d'analyses physico-chimiques très sensibles, en privilégiant l'analyse en continu in situ, ainsi que des protocoles de prélèvement d'air spécifiques pour appréhender les flux de polluants émis à l'atmosphère, en particulier à partir des sources surfaciques

Controlling the Concentration of Malodorous Components in Kitchen Scraps

家庭内で発生する生ｺﾞﾐはそのままの状態で保管しておくと悪臭が発生する｡この悪臭は微生物の発生に起因するものと考えられ､微生物の増殖(腐敗)を阻害することで生ｺﾞﾐの悪臭発生の抑制が期待できる｡腐敗菌の増殖抑制手段として､温度､酸素濃度､二酸化炭素濃度､水分量などの環境制御因子が挙げられる｡今回の実験では､生ｺﾞﾐを保管する環境中の温度と酸素濃度を別々に制御して､生ｺﾞﾐの形態､外観､臭気がどのように変化するのかを調べ､生ｺﾞﾐの防臭手段にこれらが効果的なのかを検討した｡保管温度の点では､腐敗の激しい25℃に比較して､5℃と15℃ではｲｵｳ系化合物等の臭気成分濃度及び形態観察に顕著な差は見られなかったことから､15℃前後の保管温度の有効性が示唆された｡次に､酸素濃度の影響については､初期の酸素濃度を低くすることにより､生ｺﾞﾐ臭は弱くなると考えられ､特に､初期酸素濃度5%に設定したものが一番臭いが弱く効果的であることが分かった｡しかしながら､4日以上経過すると初期酸素濃度に関わらず､においの強さにはほとんど違いが見られなかった｡尚､初期酸素濃度0%の無酸素状態では10日以上経過しても外観は開始時とほとんど同一であった｡The emission of malodor by kitchen scraps is a serious problem in typical households, and thus preventing such malodor emission is crucial in achieving a healthy indoor environment. Upon disposing kitchen scraps, controlling environmental factors such as temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, osmotic pressure and the water content of food is effective in inhibiting microbial growth. This research was conducted focusing especially on the effects of temperature on the emission of malodorous compounds as food decays over time. Models of kitchen scraps were observed under three different temperatures:5℃, 15℃ and 25℃. The result showed that the model kept under 25℃ showed the highest concentration of malodorous components such as diacetyl, acetaldehyde, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, propyl mercaptan and dimethyl disulfide. However, there was only a subtle difference between the models kept under 5℃ and 15℃. Therefore, in consideration of energy conservation, keeping kitchen scraps at 15℃ would be the most efficient means of preventing malodor emission. The second research was performed to examine how oxygen concentration affected the emission of malodorant from kitchen scraps under five different oxygen concentrations:0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. As a result, the model kept under 5% oxygen concentration had lower malodorous level;however, after about four days, there was no obvious difference among all the models

Caractérisation physicochimique des émissions d'odeurs - Une approche quantifié du problème. Exemple d'une unité de compostage d'ordures ménagères

The détermination, in tenns of priorities, of actions to be conducted in order to lower the odour nuisances in the vicinity of an industrialisant, requires the establishment of a hierarchy of the différent sources, and to this end, the évaluation of malodorous compounds emitted by the various types of plants.La détermination, en termes de priorités, des actions à mener pour réduire les nuisances olfactives au voisinage d'une unité industrielle, nécessite d'établir une hiérarchie des sources présentes sur le site, et pour cela, d'estimer les flux de produits malodorants émis par les différents types d'ouvrages

Nuisances olfactives en station d'épuration des eaux : méthodologie de caractérisation des émissions

International audienceLe probleme des nuisances olfactives generees par les ouvrages d'epuration des eaux usees se pose de plus en plus souvent, en particulier en raison du developpement de l'urbanisation qui entraine un rapprochement inevitable entre les zones habitees et les sites d'implantation des stations d'epuration. Les differentes etapes d'epuration de l'eau et de traitement des boues conduisent pour la plupart a la formation de molecules volatiles malodorantes qui se dispersent plus ou moins rapidement dans l'atmosphere

Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP). Research Report No. 4.

yesNon-lethal weapons (NLWs) are explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate personnel or material whilst minimising collateral damage to property and the environment. Existing NLWs include rubber and plastic bullets, entangling nets, chemical sprays such as OC and CS gas, and electrical stunning devices such as the `Taser¿ gun. New NLWs are on the way, which will include acoustic and microwave weapons, non-lethal landmines, malodorants, and sophisticated weapons developed through rapid advances in neuroscience and the genomics revolution. Most analysts would agree that there is a `legitimate¿ role for non-lethal weapons, both for civil and military applications. However there is considerable disagreement as to the operational effectiveness of NLWs, and the threat such weapons pose to arms conventions and international law. As usual, a balance has to be achieved where the benign advantages of developing and deploying non-lethal weapons are not outweighed by their more malign effects. In particular, emerging non-lethal technologies offer an increasing opportunity for the suppression of civil dissent and control of populations ¿ these are sometimes referred to as the `technologies of political control¿. There is a continuing need for sustained and informed commentary to such developments which highlights the impact and threats that these technologies pose to civil liberties and human rights. Because the last BNLWP Report was produced in August 2001, this edition is somewhat longer than usual so that key developments since then can be highlighted and summarised. Future BNLWRP reports will be published three times a year, and we welcome material to be considered for inclusion

Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP). Research Report No. 7.

yesThe length of this Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project Report No.7 again reflects the interest related to non-lethal weapons from academics, research institutes, policy makers, the police and the military. A number of reports, particularly concerning the Taser electro-shock weapon, have been published from these sectors since our last BNLWRP Report No.6 in October 2004. Some, such as the Amnesty International (U.S. and Canada) have again raised, and stressed, the concerns about the safety of the weapon and the number of deaths associated with its use. Others, such as the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Human Effects Center of Excellence (HECOE), Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of the Electromuscular Incapacitation Device ¿ A Limited Analysis of the TASER. (March 2005) concluded that the Taser was relatively safe, but that further research was needed into potential bio-effects, and for continual development into a safer weapon. Reaction to these reports was mixed. Some US legislators called for limitations on the use of Tasers, more accountability, and the detailed recording of incidents in which they were used.1 Others called for a ban on their use until more testing was carried out regarding their potentially harmful effects. A number of US police forces stopped the use of Taser, slowed down the deployment and ordering of the weapons, reviewed their rules of engagement and reporting, and revisited their operational guidelines. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) published the Electro- Muscular Disruption Technology (EMDT). A Nine-Step Strategy For Effective Deployment. (April 2005) as a response to these growing concerns. Certain elements of the media, especially The Arizona Republic2 and others, took a hostile view of what they considered the scandal of the number of deaths and associated serious injuries caused by the Taser. Taser International challenged allegations that their weapon was directly responsible for these deaths and quoted reports, such as the Madison Police Department report (February 2005), the study by McDaniel, W & Stratbucker, R & Nerheim, M & Brewer, J. Cardiac Safety of Neuromuscular Incapacitating Defensive Devices (January 2005), and the U.K. DOMILL Statement (March 2005) to support their view. The controversy continues. Other than Tasers, there are still few reports of the newer non-lethal technologies actually being deployed in operations. The exception to this is the Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD), which is now in widespread use in Iraq. Little additional information has appeared regarding the `active denial¿ weapon we have described in previous reports