Locating Battery Charging Stations to Facilitate Almost Shortest Paths

We study a facility location problem motivated by requirements pertaining to the distribution of charging stations for electric vehicles: Place a minimum number of battery charging stations at a subset of nodes of a network, so that battery-powered electric vehicles will be able to move between destinations using "t-spanning" routes, of lengths within a factor t > 1 of the length of a shortest path, while having sufficient charging stations along the way. We give constant-factor approximation algorithms for minimizing the number of charging stations, subject to the t-spanning constraint. We study two versions of the problem, one in which the stations are required to support a single ride (to a single destination), and one in which the stations are to support multiple rides through a sequence of destinations, where the destinations are revealed one at a time

Introdução de frota 100% elétrica de autocarros no transporte público: um passo para a mobilidade sustentável

O setor da mobilidade é essencial para o normal funcionamento da sociedade, tendo-se assistido com o passar dos anos a uma evolução em tecnologias utilizadas, oferta de serviços e veículos usados. Apesar disso, este setor é responsável por quase 25% das emissões de gases com efeito estuda na Europa, sendo uma das principais causas de poluição atmosférica nas grandes cidades, contribuindo para um estilo de vida menos saudável e, consequentemente, para o aumento dos níveis de doenças associadas. A introdução da e-mobilidade e veículos elétricos no transporte público urbano pode ser considerado um fator chave para uma futura mobilidade sustentável, contribuindo para a redução da poluição do ar e das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, para além de assegurar as necessidades da população. Neste contexto, este projeto para além de esclarecer o funcionamento de veículos elétricos e os comparar com veículos tradicionais movidos por combustão interna, em aspetos como funcionamento de baterias, estratégias de carregamento, demonstrar possíveis impactos da adoção desta nova opção, e dar a conhecer diferentes abordagens relativas à implementação deste tipo de veículos, procura igualmente demonstrar quais os possíveis custos que este novo panorama traz. É efetuada a medição e a comparação de custos relativos à nova frota, manutenção e operação, incluindo custos relacionados com possíveis novos serviços de viatura e tripulantes. Inclusive, é medido e comparado o impacto ambiental de uma frota 100% elétrica, através da estimação dos níveis de emissões de CO2. Para a realização do estudo é usado o exemplo da STCP, empresa de transporte público que atua na Área Metropolitana do Porto, onde, após parametrização de dados referentes aos veículos elétricos, incluindo limitações como a autonomia, é feita a simulação do planeamento operacional utilizando o software desenvolvido e mantido pela OPT, GIST.The mobility sector is essential for the normal functioning of society, and over the years, there has been an evolution in technologies used, services offered, and vehicles used. Despite this, this sector is responsible for almost 25% of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. It is one of the leading causes of air pollution in large cities, contributing to a less healthy lifestyle and associated diseases. The introduction of e-mobility and electric vehicles in urban public transport can be considered a key factor for future sustainable mobility, contributing to the reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring the needs of the population. In this context, this project, besides clarifying the reader about the operation of electric vehicles and comparing them with traditional vehicles powered by internal combustion, in aspects such as battery operation and charging strategies, demonstrate possible impacts of the adoption of this new option, and make known different approaches regarding the implementation of this type of vehicles, tries to show what are the possible costs that this new scenario brings. Costs related to the new fleet, maintenance and operation costs are measured and compared, including expenses related to potential new vehicle and crew services. The environmental impact of a 100% electric fleet is also measured and reached through the estimation of CO2 emission levels. To carry out the study, the example of STCP is used, a public transport company operating in Porto Metropolitan Area, where, after parameterization of data relating to electric vehicles, including limitations such as autonomy, the simulation of operational planning is made using the software developed and maintained by OPT, GIST.Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industria

Practice and Innovations in Sustainable Transport

The book continues with an experimental analysis conducted to obtain accurate and complete information about electric vehicles in different traffic situations and road conditions. For the experimental analysis in this study, three different electric vehicles from the Edinburgh College leasing program were equipped and tracked to obtain over 50 GPS and energy consumption data for short distance journeys in the Edinburgh area and long-range tests between Edinburgh and Bristol. In the following section, an adaptive and robust square root cubature Kalman filter based on variational Bayesian approximation and Huber’s M-estimation is proposed to accurately estimate state of charge (SOC), which is vital for safe operation and efficient management of lithium-ion batteries. A coupled-inductor DC-DC converter with a high voltage gain is proposed in the following section to match the voltage of a fuel cell stack to a DC link bus. Finally, the book presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by various authors to mitigate the impact of electric buses and electric taxis on the future smart grid

Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies

[EN] The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has grown with each year, and EVs are considered to be a proper solution for the mitigation of urban pollution. So far, not much attention has been devoted to the use of EVs for public transportation, such as taxis and buses. However, a massive introduction of electric taxis (ETs) and electric buses (EBs) could generate issues in the grid. The challenges are different from those of private EVs, as their required load is much higher and the related time constraints must be considered with much more attention. These issues have begun to be studied within the last few years. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by various authors, to mitigate the impact of EBs and ETs on the future smart grid. Furthermore, some projects with regard to the integration of ETs and EBs around the world are presented. Some guidelines for future works are also proposed.This research was funded by the project SIS.JCG.19.03 of Universidad de las Americas, Ecuador.Clairand-Gómez, J.; Guerra-Terán, P.; Serrano-Guerrero, JX.; González-Rodríguez, M.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2019). Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies. Energies. 12(16):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163114S1221216Emadi, A. (2011). Transportation 2.0. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 9(4), 18-29. doi:10.1109/mpe.2011.941320Fahimi, B., Kwasinski, A., Davoudi, A., Balog, R., & Kiani, M. (2011). Charge It! IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 9(4), 54-64. doi:10.1109/mpe.2011.941321Yilmaz, M., & Krein, P. T. (2013). Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(5), 2151-2169. doi:10.1109/tpel.2012.2212917Tagliaferri, C., Evangelisti, S., Acconcia, F., Domenech, T., Ekins, P., Barletta, D., & Lettieri, P. (2016). Life cycle assessment of future electric and hybrid vehicles: A cradle-to-grave systems engineering approach. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 112, 298-309. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2016.07.003Zackrisson, M., Fransson, K., Hildenbrand, J., Lampic, G., & O’Dwyer, C. (2016). Life cycle assessment of lithium-air battery cells. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 299-311. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.104Wu, Y., Yang, Z., Lin, B., Liu, H., Wang, R., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2012). Energy consumption and CO2 emission impacts of vehicle electrification in three developed regions of China. Energy Policy, 48, 537-550. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.060Shen, W., Han, W., Chock, D., Chai, Q., & Zhang, A. (2012). Well-to-wheels life-cycle analysis of alternative fuels and vehicle technologies in China. Energy Policy, 49, 296-307. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.038Wang, R., Wu, Y., Ke, W., Zhang, S., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2015). Can propulsion and fuel diversity for the bus fleet achieve the win–win strategy of energy conservation and environmental protection? Applied Energy, 147, 92-103. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.107Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2010). The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 25(1), 371-380. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036481Shafiee, S., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., & Rastegar, M. (2013). Investigating the Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Power Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(3), 1351-1360. doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2251483Pieltain Fernandez, L., Gomez San Roman, T., Cossent, R., Mateo Domingo, C., & Frias, P. (2011). Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(1), 206-213. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2049133Lucas, A., Bonavitacola, F., Kotsakis, E., & Fulli, G. (2015). Grid harmonic impact of multiple electric vehicle fast charging. Electric Power Systems Research, 127, 13-21. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2015.05.012Turker, H., Bacha, S., Chatroux, D., & Hably, A. (2012). Low-Voltage Transformer Loss-of-Life Assessments for a High Penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 27(3), 1323-1331. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2012.2193423Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005). Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue. Journal of Power Sources, 144(1), 268-279. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025Guille, C., & Gross, G. (2009). A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4379-4390. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.053Geng, Z., Conejo, A. J., Chen, Q., Xia, Q., & Kang, C. (2017). Electricity production scheduling under uncertainty: Max social welfare vs. min emission vs. max renewable production. Applied Energy, 193, 540-549. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.051Verbruggen, A., Fischedick, M., Moomaw, W., Weir, T., Nadaï, A., Nilsson, L. J., … Sathaye, J. (2010). Renewable energy costs, potentials, barriers: Conceptual issues. Energy Policy, 38(2), 850-861. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.036Oda, T., Aziz, M., Mitani, T., Watanabe, Y., & Kashiwagi, T. (2018). Mitigation of congestion related to quick charging of electric vehicles based on waiting time and cost–benefit analyses: A japanese case study. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 99-106. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.10.024Arkin, E. M., Carmi, P., Katz, M. J., Mitchell, J. S. B., & Segal, M. (2019). Locating battery charging stations to facilitate almost shortest paths. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 254, 10-16. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2018.07.019Gallardo-Lozano, J., Milanés-Montero, M. I., Guerrero-Martínez, M. A., & Romero-Cadaval, E. (2012). Electric vehicle battery charger for smart grids. Electric Power Systems Research, 90, 18-29. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2012.03.015Aziz, M., Oda, T., & Ito, M. (2016). Battery-assisted charging system for simultaneous charging of electric vehicles. Energy, 100, 82-90. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.069Mehboob, N., Restrepo, M., Canizares, C. A., Rosenberg, C., & Kazerani, M. (2019). Smart Operation of Electric Vehicles With Four-Quadrant Chargers Considering Uncertainties. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(3), 2999-3009. doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2816404García-Villalobos, J., Zamora, I., San Martín, J. I., Asensio, F. J., & Aperribay, V. (2014). Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart charging approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 717-731. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.040Richardson, D. B. (2013). Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.042Haidar, A. M. A., Muttaqi, K. M., & Sutanto, D. (2014). Technical challenges for electric power industries due to grid-integrated electric vehicles in low voltage distributions: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 86, 689-700. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.06.025Mwasilu, F., Justo, J. J., Kim, E.-K., Do, T. D., & Jung, J.-W. (2014). Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 501-516. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.031Habib, S., Kamran, M., & Rashid, U. (2015). Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks – A review. Journal of Power Sources, 277, 205-214. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.020Tan, K. M., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., & Yong, J. Y. (2016). Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 720-732. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.012Raslavičius, L., Azzopardi, B., Keršys, A., Starevičius, M., Bazaras, Ž., & Makaras, R. (2015). Electric vehicles challenges and opportunities: Lithuanian review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 786-800. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.076Rahman, I., Vasant, P. M., Singh, B. S. M., Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M., & Adnan, N. (2016). Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle charging infrastructures. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 1039-1047. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.353Faddel, S., Al-Awami, A., & Mohammed, O. (2018). Charge Control and Operation of Electric Vehicles in Power Grids: A Review. Energies, 11(4), 701. doi:10.3390/en11040701Ercan, T., Onat, N. C., & Tatari, O. (2016). Investigating carbon footprint reduction potential of public transportation in United States: A system dynamics approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1260-1276. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.051Kwan, S. C., & Hashim, J. H. (2016). A review on co-benefits of mass public transportation in climate change mitigation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 11-18. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.01.004Kolbe, K. (2019). Mitigating urban heat island effect and carbon dioxide emissions through different mobility concepts: Comparison of conventional vehicles with electric vehicles, hydrogen vehicles and public transportation. Transport Policy, 80, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.007Zalakeviciute, R., Rybarczyk, Y., López-Villada, J., & Diaz Suarez, M. V. (2018). Quantifying decade-long effects of fuel and traffic regulations on urban ambient PM 2.5 pollution in a mid-size South American city. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 66-75. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2017.07.001Dell’ Olio, L., Ibeas, A., & Cecin, P. (2011). The quality of service desired by public transport users. Transport Policy, 18(1), 217-227. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.005Mahmoud, M., Garnett, R., Ferguson, M., & Kanaroglou, P. (2016). Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 673-684. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.019Nissan Leafhttps://www.nissan.co.uk/vehicles/new-vehicles/leaf/range-charging.htmlIntroducing the Fully Charged 2020 Kia Soul EVhttps://www.kia.com/us/en/content/vehicles/upcoming-vehicles/2020-soul-eve6https://en.byd.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/e6_cutsheet.pdfTesla Model Shttps://www.tesla.com/modelsBushttps://en.byd.com/bus/40-electric-motor-coach/Urbino Electrichttps://www.solarisbus.com/en/vehicles/zero-emissions/urbino-electricVolvo 7900 Electrichttps://www.volvobuses.co.uk/en-gb/our-offering/buses/volvo-7900-electric/specifications.htmlCollin, R., Miao, Y., Yokochi, A., Enjeti, P., & von Jouanne, A. (2019). Advanced Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Technologies. Energies, 12(10), 1839. doi:10.3390/en12101839Yang, Y., El Baghdadi, M., Lan, Y., Benomar, Y., Van Mierlo, J., & Hegazy, O. (2018). Design Methodology, Modeling, and Comparative Study of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles. Energies, 11(7), 1716. doi:10.3390/en11071716Bi, Z., Song, L., De Kleine, R., Mi, C. C., & Keoleian, G. A. (2015). Plug-in vs. wireless charging: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an electric bus system. Applied Energy, 146, 11-19. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.031Siqi Li, & Mi, C. C. (2015). Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 3(1), 4-17. doi:10.1109/jestpe.2014.2319453Musavi, F., & Eberle, W. (2014). Overview of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle battery charging. IET Power Electronics, 7(1), 60-66. doi:10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0047Wang, Z., Wei, X., & Dai, H. (2015). Design and Control of a 3 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles. Energies, 9(1), 10. doi:10.3390/en9010010Sarker, M. R., Pandzic, H., & Ortega-Vazquez, M. A. (2015). Optimal Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 30(2), 901-910. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2331560Adegbohun, F., von Jouanne, A., & Lee, K. (2019). Autonomous Battery Swapping System and Methodologies of Electric Vehicles. Energies, 12(4), 667. doi:10.3390/en12040667OPPChargeCommon Interface for Automated Charging of Hybrid Electric and Electric Commercial Vehicleshttps://www.oppcharge.org/dok/OPPCharge Specification 2nd edition 20190421.pdfFast Charging of Electric Vehicleshttps://www.oppcharge.orgJiang, C. X., Jing, Z. X., Cui, X. R., Ji, T. Y., & Wu, Q. H. (2018). Multiple agents and reinforcement learning for modelling charging loads of electric taxis. Applied Energy, 222, 158-168. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.164Fraile-Ardanuy, J., Castano-Solis, S., Álvaro-Hermana, R., Merino, J., & Castillo, Á. (2018). Using mobility information to perform a feasibility study and the evaluation of spatio-temporal energy demanded by an electric taxi fleet. Energy Conversion and Management, 157, 59-70. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.070Rao, R., Cai, H., & Xu, M. (2018). Modeling electric taxis’ charging behavior using real-world data. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(6), 452-460. doi:10.1080/15568318.2017.1388887Litzlbauer, M. (2015). Technische Machbarkeitsanalyse einer rein elektrisch betriebenen Taxiflotte. e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, 132(3), 172-177. doi:10.1007/s00502-015-0296-3Liao, B., Li, L., Li, B., Mao, J., Yang, J., Wen, F., & Salam, M. A. (2016). Load modeling for electric taxi battery charging and swapping stations: Comparison studies. 2016 IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC). doi:10.1109/spec.2016.7846135Zou, Y., Wei, S., Sun, F., Hu, X., & Shiao, Y. (2016). Large-scale deployment of electric taxis in Beijing: A real-world analysis. Energy, 100, 25-39. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.062Asamer, J., Reinthaler, M., Ruthmair, M., Straub, M., & Puchinger, J. (2016). Optimizing charging station locations for urban taxi providers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 85, 233-246. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.01.014Yang, J., Dong, J., & Hu, L. (2017). A data-driven optimization-based approach for siting and sizing of electric taxi charging stations. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 77, 462-477. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2017.02.014Jiang, C., Jing, Z., Ji, T., & Wu, Q. (2018). Optimal location of PEVCSs using MAS and ER approach. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12(20), 4377-4387. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1907Pan, A., Zhao, T., Yu, H., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Deploying Public Charging Stations for Electric Taxis: A Charging Demand Simulation Embedded Approach. IEEE Access, 7, 17412-17424. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2894780Chen Lianfu, Zhang, W., Huang, Y., & Zhang, D. (2014). Research on the charging station service radius of electric taxis. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). doi:10.1109/itec-ap.2014.6941081Yang, Y., Zhang, W., Niu, L., & Jiang, J. (2015). Coordinated Charging Strategy for Electric Taxis in Temporal and Spatial Scale. Energies, 8(2), 1256-1272. doi:10.3390/en8021256Niu, L., & Zhang, D. (2015). Charging Guidance of Electric Taxis Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization. The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2015/354952Yang, Z., Guo, T., You, P., Hou, Y., & Qin, S. J. (2019). Distributed Approach for Temporal–Spatial Charging Coordination of Plug-in Electric Taxi Fleet. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15(6), 3185-3195. doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2879515Rossi, F., Iglesias, R., Alizadeh, M., & Pavone, M. (2020). On the Interaction Between Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems and the Power Network: Models and Coordination Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, 7(1), 384-397. doi:10.1109/tcns.2019.2923384Liang, Y., Zhang, X., Xie, J., & Liu, W. (2017). An Optimal Operation Model and Ordered Charging/Discharging Strategy for Battery Swapping Stations. Sustainability, 9(5), 700. doi:10.3390/su9050700XU, X., YAO, L., ZENG, P., LIU, Y., & CAI, T. (2015). Architecture and performance analysis of a smart battery charging and swapping operation service network for electric vehicles in China. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 3(2), 259-268. doi:10.1007/s40565-015-0118-yJing, Z., Fang, L., Lin, S., & Shao, W. (2014). Modeling for electric taxi load and optimization model for charging/swapping facilities of electric taxi. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). doi:10.1109/itec-ap.2014.6941160Wang, Y., Ding, W., Huang, L., Wei, Z., Liu, H., & Stankovic, J. A. (2018). Toward Urban Electric Taxi Systems in Smart Cities: The Battery Swapping Challenge. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67(3), 1946-1960. doi:10.1109/tvt.2017.2774447You, P., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Low, S. H., & Sun, Y. (2016). Optimal Charging Schedule for a Battery Switching Station Serving Electric Buses. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 31(5), 3473-3483. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2015.2487273Yang, Z., Sun, L., Chen, J., Yang, Q., Chen, X., & Xing, K. (2014). Profit Maximization for Plug-In Electric Taxi With Uncertain Future Electricity Prices. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 29(6), 3058-3068. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2311120Yang, Z., Sun, L., Ke, M., Shi, Z., & Chen, J. (2014). Optimal Charging Strategy for Plug-In Electric Taxi With Time-Varying Profits. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(6), 2787-2797. doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2354473Yang, J., Xu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2017). Regulating the Collective Charging Load of Electric Taxi Fleet via Real-Time Pricing. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 32(5), 3694-3703. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2016.2643685Du, R., Liao, G., Zhang, E., & Wang, J. (2018). Battery charge or change, which is better? A case from Beijing, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 698-711. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.021Yang, J., Dong, J., Lin, Z., & Hu, L. (2016). Predicting market potential and environmental benefits of deploying electric taxis in Nanjing, China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 49, 68-81. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.037You, P., Low, S. H., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Lingkun Fu. (2016). Real-time recommendation algorithm of battery swapping stations for electric taxis. 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). doi:10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741620Dai, Q., Cai, T., Duan, S., & Zhao, F. (2014). Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Load Demand for Electric Bus Battery-Swap Station. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 29(4), 1909-1917. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2308990Mohamed, M., Farag, H., El-Taweel, N., & Ferguson, M. (2017). Simulation of electric buses on a full transit network: Operational feasibility and grid impact analysis. Electric Power Systems Research, 142, 163-175. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2016.09.032Zhang, X. (2018). Short-Term Load Forecasting for Electric Bus Charging Stations Based on Fuzzy Clustering and Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Wolf Pack Algorithm. Energies, 11(6), 1449. doi:10.3390/en11061449Ding, H., Hu, Z., & Song, Y. (2015). Value of the energy storage system in an electric bus fast charging station. Applied Energy, 157, 630-639. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.058Qin, N., Gusrialdi, A., Paul Brooker, R., & T-Raissi, A. (2016). Numerical analysis of electric bus fast charging strategies for demand charge reduction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94, 386-396. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.014Huimiao Chen, Zechun Hu, Zhiwei Xu, Jiayi Li, Honggang Zhang, Xue Xia, … Mingwei Peng. (2016). Coordinated charging strategies for electric bus fast charging stations. 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). doi:10.1109/appeec.2016.7779677Chen, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, H., & Luo, H. (2018). Coordinated charging and discharging strategies for plug-in electric bus fast charging station with energy storage system. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12(9), 2019-2028. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0636Gao, Y., Guo, S., Ren, J., Zhao, Z., Ehsan, A., & Zheng, Y. (2018). An Electric Bus Power Consumption Model and Optimization of Charging Scheduling Concerning Multi-External Factors. Energies, 11(8), 2060. doi:10.3390/en11082060Cheng, Y., & Tao, J. (2018). Optimization of A Micro Energy Network Integrated with Electric Bus Battery Swapping Station and Distributed PV. 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). doi:10.1109/ei2.2018.8582236Sebastiani, M. T., Luders, R., & Fonseca, K. V. O. (2016). Evaluating Electric Bus Operation for a Real-World BRT Public Transportation Using Simulation Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(10), 2777-2786. doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2525800Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Xu, J., & Barclay, N. (2017). Optimal recharging scheduling for urban electric buses: A case study in Davis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 100, 115-132. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2017.01.001Liu, Z., Song, Z., & He, Y. (2018). Planning of Fast-Charging Stations for a Battery Electric Bus System under Energy Consumption Uncertainty. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672(8), 96-107. doi:10.1177/0361198118772953Leou, R.-C., & Hung, J.-J. (2017). Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations. Energies, 10(4), 483. doi:10.3390/en10040483Bak, D.-B., Bak, J.-S., & Kim, S.-Y. (2018). Strategies for Implementing Public Service Electric Bus Lines by Charging Type in Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea. Sustainability, 10(10), 3386. doi:10.3390/su10103386Chen, Z., Yin, Y., & Song, Z. (2018). A cost-competitiveness analysis of charging infrastructure for electric bus operations. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 93, 351-366. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.06.006Cheng, Y., Wang, W., Ding, Z., & He, Z. (2019). Electric bus fast charging station resource planning consid