The Economics of Legal Harmonization

The global legal landscape is undergoing substantial transformations, adapting to an increasingly global market economy. Differences between legal systems create obstacles to transnational commerce. Countries can reduce these legal differences through non-cooperative and cooperative adaptation processes, fostering networks of trade that link diverse legal traditions. In this article, we study the process of legal adaptation, looking at non-cooperative and cooperative solutions that can alternatively lead to legal transplantation, harmonization and unification. The presence of adaptation and switching costs renders unification extremely difficult. In the general case, cooperative solutions reduce differences to a greater extent than non-cooperative solutions, but rarely lead to complete legal unification. We consider the case of endogenous switching costs and show that when countries have the possibility to reduce their own switching costs to facilitate harmonization, they may actually choose to raise them. This may lead to the paradox that countries engaging in cooperative harmonization end up with less harmonization than those that pursued non-cooperative strategies. This explains why differences are often bridged by private codifications and by the evolving norms of the lex mercatoria.Legal Harmonization, Legal Transplantation, Transnational Contracts, Legal Change,

The Economic Factors Behind Legal Integration: A Jurimetric Analysis of the Latin American Experience

This paper shows that the international harmonization of commercial legal rules and commercial legal standards in Latin America have been the result of very specific legal and economic country-specific factors. The paper proposes that international legal harmonization within a regional bloc of countries is a function of the convergence of three broad conditions: (1) first, the a priori international country-to-country compatibility in the form and scope of their legal rules applied to domestic commercial transactions; (2) second, the emergence and growth of intra sectoral international markets supported by foreign direct investment; and (3) third, the emergence and growth of domestic trade-related industries seeking compatible legal rules in their exporting markets abroad. A jurimetric model is introduced in Part III showing that the drive to seek international legal harmonization has been explained by these specific economic and legal domestic factors.

Conceptualizing Legal Harmonization Approach In Malaysia

Legal harmonization is a fundamental notion of comparative law that has been on the international and national agendas for the last decade. Harmonization, which derives from the word “harmony,”  has a variety of meanings, one of which, in the perspective of the discussion of this topic, is the readiness and the openness to recognize, acknowledge, adopt, or accept anything produced, practiced by or originating from man-made laws, modern secular traditions, customs and usages, cultures, societies, systems or institutions which is considered to be in “harmony” with or not opposed to the worldview, principles, values, teachings, and norms of Islam. Thus, the conceptualizing approach of harmonization of legal knowledge and education is a process of actualizing the divine imperatives in the legal arena. In Malaysia, several endeavors have sought the similarity between legal rules from different jurisdictions; however, their achievements remain contested since there is no comprehensive understanding of the nature and extent of harmonization. Thus, this article examines different facets of harmonization by considering it a legal phenomenon instead of a distinct process of drafting similar rules. Adopting a comprehensive understanding of harmonization as a legal phenomenon may help better assess the strengths of the implementation processes and formulate adequate new legal endeavors

EU Integration Mechanisms Affecting Hungarian Public Policies in the Case of Waste Management

The paper reports on a survey taken under the international EU–5 research programme, based on structured interviews made at 32 institutional actors to do with waste management in the Central Hungary region, including public institutions, private or mixed firms, and civil (voluntary) organizations. After presenting some concepts of political science and EU precedents, the authors describe interactive patterns and networks between the local public institutional structures, the private sector and civil organizations in the context of European integration, especially in legal harmonization and under the ISPA programme

On the path-dependence of tax compliance

This paper presents experimental evidence that tax compliance is path dependent. We show that individuals faced with the same current tax enforcement parameters, will nevertheless choose different compliance if they have faced different tax enforcement parameters in the past. This finding has important policy implications. For instance, legal harmonization in the EU cannot be expected to reliably yield similar behavior in countries with different legal histories.tax compliance, path dependence, experiment

Harmonisasi Hukum Terhadap Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang Perspektif Substansi Struktur Dan Budaya Hukum

The suspension of payment (PKPU) is addressed to reach an agreement. The practice showed there are many obstacles towards an agreement performance. Hence, it is necessary for a legal reform, by conducting the legal harmonization into PKPU concepts. The comparative evaluation of this legal harmonization is the Indonesian Legal Culture.  Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) ditujukan untuk mencapai kesepakatan. Dalam rangka pembaharuan hukum yang diharapkan dapat memperbaiki sesuatu yang salah dalam sistem tersebut, Hukum Kepailitan Indonesia, khususnya konsep PKPU, perlu dilakukan suatu perubahan. Salah satu cara pembaharuan hukum yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan harmonisasi hukum

Harmonisasi Hukum terhadap Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang dengan Perspektif Budaya Hukum Indonesia

The suspension of payment (PKPU) is addressed to reach an agreement. The practice showed there are many obstacles towards an agreement performance. Hence, it is necessary for a legal reform, by conducting the legal harmonization into PKPU concepts. The comparative evaluation of this legal harmonization is the Indonesian Legal Culture. Keywords: PKPU, Reorganization, Legal Culture Indonesia   Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) ditujukan untuk mencapai kesepakatan. Dalam rangka pembaharuan hukum yang diharapkan dapat memperbaiki sesuatu yang salah dalam sistem tersebut, Hukum Kepailitan Indonesia, khususnya konsep PKPU, perlu dilakukan suatu Perubahan. Salah satu cara pembaharuan hukum yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan harmonisasi hukum. Kata kunci: PKPU, Pembaharuan, Budaya Hukum Indonesi

HARMONISASI HUKUM TERHADAP PENUNDAAN KEWAJIBAN PEMBAYARAN UTANG DENGAN PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA HUKUM INDONESIA

The suspension of payment (PKPU) is addressed to reach an agreement. The practice showed there are many obstacles towards an agreement performance. Hence, it is necessary for a legal reform, by conducting the legal harmonization into PKPU concepts. The comparative evaluation of this legal harmonization is the Indonesian Legal Culture. Keywords: PKPU, Reorganization, Legal Culture Indonesia   Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) ditujukan untuk mencapai kesepakatan. Dalam rangka pembaharuan hukum yang diharapkan dapat memperbaiki sesuatu yang salah dalam sistem tersebut, Hukum Kepailitan Indonesia, khususnya konsep PKPU, perlu dilakukan suatu perubahan. Salah satu cara pembaharuan hukum yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan harmonisasi hukum. Kata kunci: PKPU, Pembaharuan, Budaya Hukum Indonesi

The Fight against income evasion in Hungary

The evasion of income causes the national budget of Hungary great damage. Just the partial prevention of it would benefit greatly to the state balance and the realization of the economic policy in Hungary. Repelling income evasion can only be achieved by various means. These are the following: To identify and abolish its reasons and causes; to post strict regularizations consistent with the EU legislation; to close legal gaps; not to concentrate on penalties; to reduce high taxes and the exorbitant income centralization of the state; to take the moral education for serious as well as the legal harmonization and effect analysis for the various decisions.