Security challenges of Internet of Underwater Things : a systematic literature review

Water covers approximately 71% of the earth surface, yet much of the underwater world remains unexplored due to technology limitations. Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is a network of underwater objects that enables monitoring subsea environment remotely. Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is the main enabling technology for IoUT. UWSNs are characterised by the limitations of the underlying acoustic communication medium, high energy consumption, lack of hardware resources to implement computationally intensive tasks and dynamic network topology due to node mobility. These characteristics render UNWSNs vulnerable to different attacks, such as Wormhole, Sybil, flooding, jamming, spoofing and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This article reviews peer-reviewed literature that addresses the security challenges and attacks on UWSNs as well as possible mitigative solutions. Findings show that the biggest contributing factors to security threats in UWSNs are the limited energy supply, the limited communication medium and the harsh underwater communication conditions. Researchers in this field agree that the security measures of terrestrial wireless sensor networks are not directly applicable to UWSNs due to the unique nature of the underwater environment where resource management becomes a significant challenge. This article also outlines future research directions on security and privacy challenges of IoUT and UWSN

A Comprehensive Survey on Routing and Security in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

With the continuous advances in mobile wirelesssensor networks (MWSNs), the research community hasresponded to the challenges and constraints in the design of thesenetworks by proposing efficient routing protocols that focus onparticular performance metrics such as residual energy utilization,mobility, topology, scalability, localization, data collection routing,Quality of Service (QoS), etc. In addition, the introduction ofmobility in WSN has brought new challenges for the routing,stability, security, and reliability of WSNs. Therefore, in thisarticle, we present a comprehensive and meticulous investigationin the routing protocols and security challenges in the theory ofMWSNs which was developed in recent years

Robust Stabilization of Resource Limited Networked Control Systems Under Denial-of-Service Attack

In this paper, we consider a class of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, which aims at overloading the communication channel. On top of the security issue, continuous or periodic transmission of information within feedback loop is necessary for the effective control and stabilization of the system. In addition, uncertainty---originating from variation of parameters or unmodeled system dynamics---plays a key role in the system's stability. To address these three critical factors, we solve the joint control and security problem for an uncertain discrete-time Networked Control System (NCS) subject to limited availability of the shared communication channel. An event-triggered-based control and communication strategy is adopted to reduce bandwidth consumption. To tackle the uncertainty in the system dynamics, a robust control law is derived using an optimal control approach based on a virtual nominal dynamics associated with a quadratic cost-functional. The conditions for closed-loop stability and aperiodic transmission rule of feedback information are derived using the discrete-time Input-to-State Stability theory. We show that the proposed control approach withstands a general class of DoS attacks, and the stability analysis rests upon the characteristics of the attack signal. The results are illustrated and validated numerically with a classical NCS batch reactor system.Comment: Accepted for IEEE CDC 201

An Energy Aware and Secure MAC Protocol for Tackling Denial of Sleep Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks which form part of the core for the Internet of Things consist of resource constrained sensors that are usually powered by batteries. Therefore, careful energy awareness is essential when working with these devices. Indeed,the introduction of security techniques such as authentication and encryption, to ensure confidentiality and integrity of data, can place higher energy load on the sensors. However, the absence of security protection c ould give room for energy drain attacks such as denial of sleep attacks which have a higher negative impact on the life span ( of the sensors than the presence of security features. This thesis, therefore, focuses on tackling denial of sleep attacks from two perspectives A security perspective and an energy efficiency perspective. The security perspective involves evaluating and ranking a number of security based techniques to curbing denial of sleep attacks. The energy efficiency perspective, on the other hand, involves exploring duty cycling and simulating three Media Access Control ( protocols Sensor MAC, Timeout MAC andTunableMAC under different network sizes and measuring different parameters such as the Received Signal Strength RSSI) and Link Quality Indicator ( Transmit power, throughput and energy efficiency Duty cycling happens to be one of the major techniques for conserving energy in wireless sensor networks and this research aims to answer questions with regards to the effect of duty cycles on the energy efficiency as well as the throughput of three duty cycle protocols Sensor MAC ( Timeout MAC ( and TunableMAC in addition to creating a novel MAC protocol that is also more resilient to denial of sleep a ttacks than existing protocols. The main contributions to knowledge from this thesis are the developed framework used for evaluation of existing denial of sleep attack solutions and the algorithms which fuel the other contribution to knowledge a newly developed protocol tested on the Castalia Simulator on the OMNET++ platform. The new protocol has been compared with existing protocols and has been found to have significant improvement in energy efficiency and also better resilience to denial of sleep at tacks Part of this research has been published Two conference publications in IEEE Explore and one workshop paper

Network intelligence vs. jamming in underwater networks: how learning can cope with misbehavior

In this paper, we present a machine-learning technique to counteract jamming attacks in underwater networks. Indeed, this is relevant in security applications where sensor devices are located in critical regions, for example, in the case of national border surveillance or for identifying any unauthorized intrusion. To this aim, a multi-hop routing protocol that relies on the exploitation of a Q-learning methodology is presented with a focus on increasing reliability in data communication and network lifetime. Performance results assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution as compared to other efficient state-of-the-art approaches

DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD)

Drone Delivery of CBNRECy – DEW Weapons: Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD) is our sixth textbook in a series covering the world of UASs and UUVs. Our textbook takes on a whole new purview for UAS / CUAS/ UUV (drones) – how they can be used to deploy Weapons of Mass Destruction and Deception against CBRNE and civilian targets of opportunity. We are concerned with the future use of these inexpensive devices and their availability to maleficent actors. Our work suggests that UASs in air and underwater UUVs will be the future of military and civilian terrorist operations. UAS / UUVs can deliver a huge punch for a low investment and minimize human casualties.https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1046/thumbnail.jp

Effect of 3D Wormholes Attack in Performance Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network for Cellular, Grid and Random Topologies

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are usually originated for gathering records from insecure surroundings. Nearly all security protocols for WSN believe that the opponent can do entirely management over a sensing element node by manner of direct physical access. The looks of sensing element networks joined of the most technology within the future has exposed varied challenges to researchers. Wireless sensor networks are composed of huge variety of small sensing element nodes, running singly and in various cases with none access to renewable energy resources. Additionally security being basic to the acceptance and the use of sensing element networks for various applications, conjointly completely different set of challenges in sensing element networks square measure existed. In this paper, specialization will be on security of Wireless Sensor Networks for various topologies with 3D wormhole attack. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15051

A survey on MAC-based physical layer security over wireless sensor network

Physical layer security for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a laborious and highly critical issue in the world. Wireless sensor networks have great importance in civil and military fields or applications. Security of data/information through wireless medium remains a challenge. The data that we transmit wirelessly has increased the speed of transmission rate. In physical layer security, the data transfer between source and destination is not confidential, and thus the user has privacy issues, which is why improving the security of wireless sensor networks is a prime concern. The loss of physical security causes a great threat to a network. We have various techniques to resolve these issues, such as interference, noise, fading in the communications, etc. In this paper we have surveyed the different parameters of a security design model to highlight the vulnerabilities. Further we have discussed the various attacks on different layers of the TCP/IP model along with their mitigation techniques. We also elaborated on the applications of WSNs in healthcare, military information integration, oil and gas. Finally, we have proposed a solution to enhance the security of WSNs by adopting the alpha method and handshake mechanism with encryption and decryption