Development of Automated Test Analysis, Methodology and Procedure for Interoperability Measure in ISO 18000-7 Active RFID

In today's modern development process, for all embedded systems including wireless devices, commercial off the shelf products form the basic building blocks of the design. Such projects, often confront interoperability conflicts mainly because of the incompatible assumptions made by the development engineers and many possible solutions available for every problem. Lack of standard procedures and a sound mathematical basis describing the interoperability verification process and electronic tools to aid the interoperability analysis is hindering development of interoperable systems. It is therefore essential to develop a methodology to analyze and develop an interoperable measure of the system during and after development. It is also important to develop tools that will aid interoperability analysis with minimum human supervision. As an example, active RFID systems conforming to standards such as ISO 18000-7 are designed to meet customer requirements. Apart from conforming to all the required standards, these RFID systems also need to be interoperable with each other. In simple terms the reader of any one vendor should be able to communicate with tags from all vendors.The first step in verifying interoperability is to determine all factors, including those not explicitly defined by the standard, and determining the extreme limits of operation of each factor. In designing the analysis tool, statistical concepts like analysis of variance will be used to determine the effect of one factor on other and to determine the minimum number of required factors in an experiment. Depending on controllable factors, uncontrollable factors and dependent factors, the minimum number of experiments will be designed using blocking and randomizing techniques. The confidence level associated each experiment will be calculated using the acceptance sampling technique. Finally a technique to compare experiments performed on the same or different setup is proposed.This method is not only limited to active RFID but has the potential to revolutionize interoperability verification process among all wireless devices communicating via a command - reply protocol. The developed procedures will assist in planning the development process and also help alter it where and when necessary while not only obeying the standard but also understanding the ultimate essence of it

DESIGN AUTOMATION FOR LOW POWER RFID TAGS

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are small, wireless devices capable of automated item identification, used in a variety of applications including supply chain management, asset management, automatic toll collection (EZ Pass), etc. However, the design of these types of custom systems using the traditional methods can take months for a hardware engineer to develop and debug. In this dissertation, an automated, low-power flow for the design of RFID tags has been developed, implemented and validated. This dissertation presents the RFID Compiler, which permits high-level design entry using a simple description of the desired primitives and their behavior in ANSI-C. The compiler has different back-ends capable of targeting microprocessor-based or custom hardware-based tags. For the hardware-based tag, the back-end automatically converts the user-supplied behavior in C to low power synthesizable VHDL optimized for RFID applications. The compiler also integrates a fast, high-level power macromodeling flow, which can be used to generate power estimates within 15% accuracy of industry CAD tools and to optimize the primitives and / or the behaviors, compared to conventional practices. Using the RFID Compiler, the user can develop the entire design in a matter of days or weeks. The compiler has been used to implement standards such as ANSI, ISO 18000-7, 18000-6C and 18185-7. The automatically generated tag designs were validated by targeting microprocessors such as the AD Chips EISC and FPGAs such as Xilinx Spartan 3. The corresponding ASIC implementation is comparable to the conventionally designed commercial tags in terms of the energy and area. Thus, the RFID Compiler permits the design of power efficient, custom RFID tags by a wider audience with a dramatically reduced design cycle

Towards Linking Virtual Models with Physical Objects in Construction using RFID:Review of Ontologies

Virtual models have in recent years proven their worth in practice relating to building design. Today virtual models of the complete project are created before the project is carried out in practice. The immediate advantages of this are great; it introduces fewer errors, gives a better production basis, improved clarity and enhanced communication methods compared to traditional 2D drafting methods. However, there is still much unutilized potential in the virtual models, especially in the construction and operation phases. It is expected that a digital link between the virtual models and the physical objects in the construction process can improve the information and knowledge handling from design to construction, operation and maintenance. The link can be created by use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. This paper describes a review and assessment of existing ontologies relevant in relation to creating this link. The ontologies are categorised according to their applicability to specify technical services, resources, organisational relations, business processes and overall frameworks for ontology descriptions and their relations. It is concluded that, with few modifications the technical service and resource ontologies are applicable for industrial use and the meta, organisational and business process ontologies needs further development and industrial maturity to be applicable. KEYWORDS

Analysis of BFSA Based Anti-Collision Protocol in LF, HF, and UHF RFID Environments

Over the years, RFID (radio frequency identification) technology has gained popularity in a number of applications. The decreased cost of hardware components along with the recognition and implementation of international RFID standards have led to the rise of this technology. One of the major factors associated with the implementation of RFID infrastructure is the cost of tags. Low frequency (LF) RFID tags are widely used because they are the least expensive. The drawbacks of LF RFID tags include low data rate and low range. Most studies that have been carried out focus on one frequency band only. This thesis presents an analysis of RFID tags across low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and ultra-high frequency (UHF) environments. Analysis was carried out using a simulation model created using OPNET Modeler 17. The simulation model is based on the Basic Frame Slotted ALOHA (BFSA) protocol for non-unique tags. As this is a theoretical study, environmental disturbances have been assumed to be null. The total census delay and the network throughput have been measure for tags ranging from 0 to 1500 for each environment. A statistical analysis has been conducted in order to compare the results obtained for the three different sets

RFID: Prospects for Europe: Item-level Tagging and Public Transportation

This report, which is part of the COMPLETE series of studies, investigates the current and future competitiveness of the European industry in RFID applications in general and in two specific cases: item-level tagging and public transportation. It analyses its constituent technologies, drivers and barriers to growth, actual and potential markets and economic impacts, the industrial position and innovative capabilities, and it concludes with policy implicationsJRC.DDG.J.4-Information Societ

Embedded Dual Band Rfid Based Blood Glucose Monitoring System For Internet Of Medical Things

Manually recorded health information could lead to errors such as inaccurate patient identification and mismatch patient data that could seriously affect patient safety. In order to reduce the risks of error for patients with diabetes, a new design of wireless blood glucose monitoring system with the embedment of dual band RFID for Internet of Medical Things is being developed. Using this method, passive RFID allows short-range communication to read automatically the patient identification number and active RFID extends long-range communication for recording and monitoring blood glucose data through multi-hop WSN. The work presented in this thesis contributes mainly to the embedded system and its application in healthcare to reduce the burden of recording, tracing and monitoring the patient‘s data by embedding blood glucose sensor, passive RFID, active RFID, WSN, M2M and IoMT into a single platform. A new design concept is established for the patient identification mechanism, where the mechanism is embedded in the source device to enhance the ability of the system to automatically assign the identification number to each blood glucose measurement (mmol/L) during multiple patients monitoring. Additionally, the results from the experiments conducted showed that the developed system produced better overall performance compared to the Bluetooth BGM and conventional BGM system in terms of the shortest recording time and the ability to retransmit data. In the reliability analysis using ANOVA and DOE statistical methods, the result validates that the number of hop and number of end node significantly affects the PDR performance of conventional CSMA/CA. These two parameters are then taken into account in experimental setup for performance evaluation of the enhanced CSMA/CA (EN-CSMA/CA) algorithm that uses an external interrupt mechanism and a cross layer approach. The PDR increased from 94% (conventional CSMA/CA) to 99.33% (EN-CSMA/CA), an improvement of 5.33%. The PDR model estimates that for the best and worst scenario, the percentage of PDR is 100.0% and 51.67%, respectively. To optimize the arrangement of routers for real implementation of the developed system in health facilities, the developed path loss model estimates that the router should be positioned at a distance of 30 m from each other, which agrees with the test results which indicate that the router should be positioned ≤ 40 m in order to achieve the best PDR performance