How to protect a wind turbine from lightning

Techniques for reducing the chances of lightning damage to wind turbines are discussed. The methods of providing a ground for a lightning strike are discussed. Then details are given on ways to protect electronic systems, generating and power equipment, blades, and mechanical components from direct and nearby lightning strikes

Lightning Modeling and Its Effects on Electric Infrastructures

When it comes to dealing with high voltages or issues of high electric currents, infrastructure security and people’s safety are of paramount importance. These kinds of phenomena have dangerous consequences, therefore studies concerning the effects of lightning are crucial. The normal operation of transmission and distribution systems is greatly affected by lightning, which is one of the major causes of power interruptions: direct or nearby indirect strikes can cause flashovers in overhead transmission and distribution lines, resulting in over voltages on the line conductors. Contributions to this Special Issue have mainly focused on modelling lightning activity, investigating physical causes, and discussing and testing mathematical models for the electromagnetic fields associated with lighting phenomena. In this framework, two main topics have emerged: 1) the interaction between lightning phenomena and electrical infrastructures, such as wind turbines and overhead lines; and 2) the computation of lightning electromagnetic fields in the case of particular configuration, considering a negatively charged artificial thunderstorm or considering a complex terrain with arbitrary topograph

Frequency and Time Domain Analysis of Influence of the Grounding Electrode Conductivity on Induced Current Distribution

The paper deals with an assessment of the influence of finite conductivity to the current induced along the horizontal grounding electrode. Analysis is performed in frequency and time domain, respectively. Current distribution along the grounding electrode buried in a lossy half-space is determined via analytical solution of the corresponding Pocklington equation in the frequency domain. The corresponding time domain response is obtained by means of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). The electrode is excited via an equivalent current source. Presence of the earth-air interface is taken into account via the simplified reflection coefficient arising from the Modified Image Theory (MIT). The electrode current is calculated for the case of perfectly conducting (PEC) electrode and for the electrodes made of copper and aluminum. Comparison of results shows no significant discrepancy between these electrodes, justifying the use of a PEC electrode approximation

Eletrodo de aterramento HVDC do Rio Madeira - Bipolo 1 : modelagem geoelétrica da crosta terrestre para projeto do eletrodo

Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga PereiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de GeociênciasResumo: Um sistema de transmissão HVDC é composto por duas Subestações Conversoras, interligadas pela linha HVDC, cada uma com um eletrodo de aterramento separado do seu pátio CC, geralmente localizado de 15 km a 150 km de distância e conectado por meio da linha do eletrodo. Os eletrodos HVDC proporcionam redução de custos e agregam confiabilidade ao sistema de transmissão de energia. Os eletrodos geralmente dissipam na terra a corrente de desequilíbrio do bipolo, entre 20 A a 40 A. No caso de perda de um polo da linha HVDC, a energia pode ser transmitida pelo polo remanescente com retorno pela terra, utilizando os eletrodos de aterramento para a injeção de correntes que chegar a quase 4 kA, o que pode resultar em interferências em uma área ampla, dependendo da estrutura geológica. A seleção dos locais de construção dos eletrodos deve ser realizada dentro de um raio de algumas dezenas de quilômetros ao redor das subestações, nas duas extremidades da linha HVDC. O melhor local em cada extremidade é aquele que apresenta a estrutura geoelétrica com resistividades mais baixas, desde a superfície do solo até pelo menos o meio da crosta. Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento do modelo geoelétrico 1D para o eletrodo sul do sistema HVDC do Rio Madeira, bipolo 1, localizado em Araraquara, na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, sul do Brasil. O eletrodo é constituído por um anel aproximadamente retangular de poços (cerca de 820 m x 560 m), cada um revestido por tubos de aço com profundidades variáveis, entre 20 m e 40 m de profundidade. O modelo geoelétrico deve ser representativo da média do solo raso, até a profundidade dos poços, combinada com um modelo profundo. A modelagem do solo raso foi desenvolvida a partir de uma campanha de sondagens Schlumberger e da perfilagem por indução de poços de monitoramento perfurados no local. O modelo profundo foi construído a partir de uma campanha magnetotelúrica (MT). Os modelos geoelétricos são aprimorados ao longo do projeto, à medida que mais dados geofísicos e geotécnicos são levantados. O modelo de projeto tem um ajuste final após o comissionamento do eletrodo, pois o desempenho elétrico medido permite um ajuste complementar do desvio estático da curva de resistividades aparentes MT. Uma medição independente do potencial tubo-solo foi feita no gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil, a 26 km do eletrodo, sendo o valor medido comparado com o potencial calculado a partir da simulação do eletrodo com o modelo geoelétrico final, com ambos os valores apresentando boa compatibilidadeAbstract: A HVDC transmission system comprises two Converter Substations, interconnected by the HVDC line, each one requiring a separate grounding electrode for its DC switchyard, which usually is located from 15 km to 150 km away and connected by means of the electrode line. HVDC electrodes allow for cost reduction and add reliability to the energy transmission system. The electrodes usually dissipate into the ground the unbalance current of the bipole, about 20 A to 40 A. In case of the loss of one pole of the HVDC line, the energy can be transmitted by the remaining pole with ground return, using grounding electrodes for the injection into the ground currents that may reach almost 4 kA, which may produce interferences within a wide area, depending on the tectonic setting. The electrodes Site Selection shall be carried up within a radius of some tens of kilometers around the substations at the two ends of the HVDC line. The best site at each end is the one with the geoelectric structure that presents lower resistivities, from soil surface down to at least mid-crust. This thesis presents the development of the 1D geoelectric model for the South electrode of Rio Madeira HVDC system, bipole 1, located at Araraquara, in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, South of Brazil. The electrode is constituted by an approximately rectangular ring of wells (about 820 m x 560 m), each one lined with steel pipes with varying depths, between 20 m to 40 m deep. The geoelectric model shall represent the average of the shallow ground, down to the depth of the wells, combined with a deep model, down to the mid-crust. The modeling of the shallow ground was developed from a Schlumberger survey and from the induction profiling of monitoring wells drilled in the site. The deep model was built from a magnetotelluric (MT) survey. The models are improved along the project, as more geophysical and geotechnical data are surveyed. The design model has a final adjustment after the electrode commissioning, because the measured electrical performance allows for a complementary adjustment of the MT static deviation. An independent measurement of pipe-to-ground potential was done at the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline, 26 km away from the electrode, which was compared with the potential calculated from the electrode simulation using the final geoelectric model, with both values presenting good compatibilityDoutoradoGeologia e Recursos NaturaisDoutor em Geociência

Outdoor Insulation and Gas Insulated Switchgears

This book focuses on theoretical and practical developments in the performance of high-voltage transmission line against atmospheric pollution and icing. Modifications using suitable fillers are also pinpointed to improve silicone rubber insulation materials. Very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) mitigation techniques, along with some suggestions for reliable partial discharge measurements under DC voltage stresses inside gas-insulated switchgears, are addressed. The application of an inductor-based filter for the protective performance of surge arresters against indirect lightning strikes is also discussed

Selected Papers from 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2020)

The 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2020) was held on 6–10 September 2020 in Beijing, China. The conference was organized by the Tsinghua University, China, and endorsed by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society. This conference has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers around the world in the field of high voltage engineering. The forum offered the opportunity to present the latest developments and different emerging challenges in high voltage engineering, including the topics of ultra-high voltage, smart grids, and insulating materials

Improving lightning performance on high voltage overhead shielded networks by reducing tower footing earthing resistance.

Master s Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2019.Abstract available in pdf

Measuring techniques in induced polarisation imaging

Multi-electrode geoelectrical imaging has become very popular and is used for many different purposes. For some of these, the inclusion of IP data would be desirable as it would allow the interpreter to distinguish between, e.g. sand formations with saltwater infiltration and clay formations or help delineate landfills. However, present-day IP measuring techniques require the use of nonpolarisable potential electrodes and special wire layout and are thus cumbersome and expensive. In this paper, we suggest making IP measurements with multi-electrode cables and just one set of steel electrodes. The polarisation potentials on the potential electrodes are corrected for by subtracting the polarisation potential measured when no primary current and no IP signal are present. Test measurements indicate that the polarisation potentials vary slowly and that the correction procedure is feasible. At two sites in southern Sweden, we have compared measurements with only stainless steel electrodes and measurements with both stainless steel and Pb-PbCl nonpolarisable electrodes using one or two sets of multicore cables, respectively. Almost no difference between the two data sets was observed. At one site, the charge-up effect on the potential electrodes was not important, while at the other site, the correction procedure was crucial. Though only two sites have been studied so far, it seems that time-domain IP imaging measurements can be taken with only steel electrodes and ordinary multicore cables. Coupling in the multicore cables has not presented any problems at the investigated sites where grounding resistances were moderate, making the coupling effect small. High grounding resistance sites have not yet been investigated. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V