71,765 research outputs found
The Dawes Review 8: Measuring the Stellar Initial Mass Function
The birth of stars and the formation of galaxies are cornerstones of modern
astrophysics. While much is known about how galaxies globally and their stars
individually form and evolve, one fundamental property that affects both
remains elusive. This is problematic because this key property, the birth mass
distribution of stars, referred to as the stellar initial mass function (IMF),
is a key tracer of the physics of star formation that underpins almost all of
the unknowns in galaxy and stellar evolution. It is perhaps the greatest source
of systematic uncertainty in star and galaxy evolution. The past decade has
seen a growing number and variety of methods for measuring or inferring the
shape of the IMF, along with progressively more detailed simulations,
paralleled by refinements in the way the concept of the IMF is applied or
conceptualised on different physical scales. This range of approaches and
evolving definitions of the quantity being measured has in turn led to
conflicting conclusions regarding whether or not the IMF is universal. Here I
review and compare the growing wealth of approaches to our understanding of
this fundamental property that defines so much of astrophysics. I summarise the
observational measurements from stellar analyses, extragalactic studies and
cosmic constraints, and highlight the importance of considering potential IMF
variations, reinforcing the need for measurements to quantify their scope and
uncertainties carefully, in order for this field to progress. I present a new
framework to aid the discussion of the IMF and promote clarity in the further
development of this fundamental field.Comment: Accepted for publication in PASA. 52 pages, 10 figures. A bug in
pasa-mnras.bst causes references beginning with lower-case letters (e.g.,
"de", "van") to be placed at the end of the reference list, rather than
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Unraveling the rapid radiation of crested newts, Triturus cristatus superspecies, using complete mitogenomic sequences
Background - The rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies) comprises four morphotypes: 1) the T. karelinii group, 2) T. carnifex - T. macedonicus, 3) T. cristatus and 4) T. dobrogicus. These vary in body build and the number of rib-bearing pre-sacral vertebrae (NRBV). The phylogenetic relationships of the morphotypes have not yet been settled, despite several previous attempts, employing a variety of molecular markers. We here resolve the crested newt phylogeny by using complete mitochondrial genome sequences. Results - Bayesian inference based on the mitogenomic data yields a fully bifurcating, significantly supported tree, though Maximum Likelihood inference yields low support values. The internal branches connecting the morphotypes are short relative to the terminal branches. Seen from the root of Triturus (NRBV = 13), a basal dichotomy separates the T. karelinii group (NRBV = 13) from the remaining crested newts. The next split divides the latter assortment into T. carnifex - T. macedonicus (NRBV = 14) versus T. cristatus (NRBV = 15) and T. dobrogicus (NRBV = 16 or 17). Conclusions - We argue that the Bayesian full mitochondrial DNA phylogeny is superior to previous attempts aiming to recover the crested newt species tree. Furthermore, our new phylogeny involves a maximally parsimonious interpretation of NRBV evolution. Calibrating the phylogeny allows us to evaluate potential drivers for crested newt cladogenesis. The split between the T. karelinii group and the three other morphotypes, at ca. 10.4 Ma, is associated with the separation of the Balkan and Anatolian landmasses (12-9 Ma). No currently known vicariant events can be ascribed to the other two splits, first at ca. 9.3 Ma, separating T. carnifex - T. macedonicus, and second at ca. 8.8 Ma, splitting T. cristatus and T. dobrogicus. The crested newt morphotypes differ in the duration of their annual aquatic period. We speculate on the role that this ecological differentiation could have played during speciatio
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