135 research outputs found

    Untranscribed web audio for low resource speech recognition

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    UNSUPERVISED DOMAIN ADAPTATION FOR SPEAKER VERIFICATION IN THE WILD

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    Performance of automatic speaker verification (ASV) systems is very sensitive to mismatch between training (source) and testing (target) domains. The best way to address domain mismatch is to perform matched condition training – gather sufficient labeled samples from the target domain and use them in training. However, in many cases this is too expensive or impractical. Usually, gaining access to unlabeled target domain data, e.g., from open source online media, and labeled data from other domains is more feasible. This work focuses on making ASV systems robust to uncontrolled (‘wild’) conditions, with the help of some unlabeled data acquired from such conditions. Given acoustic features from both domains, we propose learning a mapping function – a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with an encoder-decoder architecture – between features of both the domains. We explore training the network in two different scenarios: training on paired speech samples from both domains and training on unpaired data. In the former case, where the paired data is usually obtained via simulation, the CNN is treated as a nonii ABSTRACT linear regression function and is trained to minimize L2 loss between original and predicted features from target domain. We provide empirical evidence that this approach introduces distortions that affect verification performance. To address this, we explore training the CNN using adversarial loss (along with L2), which makes the predicted features indistinguishable from the original ones, and thus, improve verification performance. The above framework using simulated paired data, though effective, cannot be used to train the network on unpaired data obtained by independently sampling speech from both domains. In this case, we first train a CNN using adversarial loss to map features from target to source. We, then, map the predicted features back to the target domain using an auxiliary network, and minimize a cycle-consistency loss between the original and reconstructed target features. Our unsupervised adaptation approach complements its supervised counterpart, where adaptation is done using labeled data from both domains. We focus on three domain mismatch scenarios: (1) sampling frequency mismatch between the domains, (2) channel mismatch, and (3) robustness to far-field and noisy speech acquired from wild conditions

    Learning Feature Representation for Automatic Speech Recognition

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    Feature extraction in automatic speech recognition (ASR) can be regarded as learning representations from lower-level to more abstract higher-level features. Lower-level feature can be viewed as features from the signal domain, such as perceptual linear predictive (PLP) and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) features. Higher-level feature representations can be considered as bottleneck features (BNFs) learned using deep neural networks (DNNs). In this thesis, we focus on improving feature extraction at different levels mainly for ASR. The first part of this thesis focuses on learning features from the signal domain that help ASR. Hand-crafted spectral and cepstral features such as MFCC are the main features used in most conventional ASR systems; all are inspired by physiological models of the human auditory system. However, some aspects of the signal such as pitch cannot be easily extracted from spectral features, but are found to be useful for ASR. We explore new algorithm to extract a pitch feature directly from a signal for ASR and show that this feature, appended to the other feature, gives consistent improvements in various languages, especially tonal languages. We then investigate replacing the conventional features with jointly training from the signal domain using time domain, and frequency domain approaches. The results show that our time-domain joint feature learning setup achieves state-of-the-art performance using MFCC, while our frequency domain setup outperforms them in various datasets. Joint feature extraction results in learning data or language-dependent filter banks, that can degrade the performance in unseen noise and channel conditions or other languages. To tackle this, we investigate joint universal feature learning across different languages using the proposed direct-from-signal setups. We then investigate the filter banks learned in this setup and propose a new set of features as an extension to conventional Mel filter banks. The results show consistent word error rate (WER) improvement, especially in clean condition. The second part of this thesis focuses on learning higher-level feature embedding. We investigate learning and transferring deep feature representations across different domains using multi-task learning and weight transfer approaches. They have been adopted to explicitly learn intermediate-level features that are useful for several different tasks

    Speech Enhancement Exploiting the Source-Filter Model

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    Imagining everyday life without mobile telephony is nowadays hardly possible. Calls are being made in every thinkable situation and environment. Hence, the microphone will not only pick up the user’s speech but also sound from the surroundings which is likely to impede the understanding of the conversational partner. Modern speech enhancement systems are able to mitigate such effects and most users are not even aware of their existence. In this thesis the development of a modern single-channel speech enhancement approach is presented, which uses the divide and conquer principle to combat environmental noise in microphone signals. Though initially motivated by mobile telephony applications, this approach can be applied whenever speech is to be retrieved from a corrupted signal. The approach uses the so-called source-filter model to divide the problem into two subproblems which are then subsequently conquered by enhancing the source (the excitation signal) and the filter (the spectral envelope) separately. Both enhanced signals are then used to denoise the corrupted signal. The estimation of spectral envelopes has quite some history and some approaches already exist for speech enhancement. However, they typically neglect the excitation signal which leads to the inability of enhancing the fine structure properly. Both individual enhancement approaches exploit benefits of the cepstral domain which offers, e.g., advantageous mathematical properties and straightforward synthesis of excitation-like signals. We investigate traditional model-based schemes like Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), classical signal processing-based, as well as modern deep neural network (DNN)-based approaches in this thesis. The enhanced signals are not used directly to enhance the corrupted signal (e.g., to synthesize a clean speech signal) but as so-called a priori signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimate in a traditional statistical speech enhancement system. Such a traditional system consists of a noise power estimator, an a priori SNR estimator, and a spectral weighting rule that is usually driven by the results of the aforementioned estimators and subsequently employed to retrieve the clean speech estimate from the noisy observation. As a result the new approach obtains significantly higher noise attenuation compared to current state-of-the-art systems while maintaining a quite comparable speech component quality and speech intelligibility. In consequence, the overall quality of the enhanced speech signal turns out to be superior as compared to state-of-the-art speech ehnahcement approaches.Mobiltelefonie ist aus dem heutigen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken. Telefonate werden in beliebigen Situationen an beliebigen Orten gefĂŒhrt und dabei nimmt das Mikrofon nicht nur die Sprache des Nutzers auf, sondern auch die UmgebungsgerĂ€usche, welche das VerstĂ€ndnis des GesprĂ€chspartners stark beeinflussen können. Moderne Systeme können durch Sprachverbesserungsalgorithmen solchen Effekten entgegenwirken, dabei ist vielen Nutzern nicht einmal bewusst, dass diese Algorithmen existieren. In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines einkanaligen Sprachverbesserungssystems vorgestellt. Der Ansatz setzt auf das Teile-und-herrsche-Verfahren, um störende UmgebungsgerĂ€usche aus Mikrofonsignalen herauszufiltern. Dieses Verfahren kann fĂŒr sĂ€mtliche FĂ€lle angewendet werden, in denen Sprache aus verrauschten Signalen extrahiert werden soll. Der Ansatz nutzt das Quelle-Filter-Modell, um das ursprĂŒngliche Problem in zwei Unterprobleme aufzuteilen, die anschließend gelöst werden, indem die Quelle (das Anregungssignal) und das Filter (die spektrale EinhĂŒllende) separat verbessert werden. Die verbesserten Signale werden gemeinsam genutzt, um das gestörte Mikrofonsignal zu entrauschen. Die SchĂ€tzung von spektralen EinhĂŒllenden wurde bereits in der Vergangenheit erforscht und zum Teil auch fĂŒr die Sprachverbesserung angewandt. Typischerweise wird dabei jedoch das Anregungssignal vernachlĂ€ssigt, so dass die spektrale Feinstruktur des Mikrofonsignals nicht verbessert werden kann. Beide AnsĂ€tze nutzen jeweils die Eigenschaften der cepstralen DomĂ€ne, die unter anderem vorteilhafte mathematische Eigenschaften mit sich bringen, sowie die Möglichkeit, Prototypen eines Anregungssignals zu erzeugen. Wir untersuchen modellbasierte AnsĂ€tze, wie z.B. Gaußsche Mischmodelle, klassische signalverarbeitungsbasierte Lösungen und auch moderne tiefe neuronale Netzwerke in dieser Arbeit. Die so verbesserten Signale werden nicht direkt zur Sprachsignalverbesserung genutzt (z.B. Sprachsynthese), sondern als sogenannter A-priori-Signal-zu-Rauschleistungs-SchĂ€tzwert in einem traditionellen statistischen Sprachverbesserungssystem. Dieses besteht aus einem Störleistungs-SchĂ€tzer, einem A-priori-Signal-zu-Rauschleistungs-SchĂ€tzer und einer spektralen Gewichtungsregel, die ĂŒblicherweise mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse der beiden SchĂ€tzer berechnet wird. Schließlich wird eine SchĂ€tzung des sauberen Sprachsignals aus der Mikrofonaufnahme gewonnen. Der neue Ansatz bietet eine signifikant höhere DĂ€mpfung des StörgerĂ€uschs als der bisherige Stand der Technik. Dabei wird eine vergleichbare QualitĂ€t der Sprachkomponente und der SprachverstĂ€ndlichkeit gewĂ€hrleistet. Somit konnte die GesamtqualitĂ€t des verbesserten Sprachsignals gegenĂŒber dem Stand der Technik erhöht werden

    Artificial Bandwidth Extension of Speech Signals using Neural Networks

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    Although mobile wideband telephony has been standardized for over 15 years, many countries still do not have a nationwide network with good coverage. As a result, many cellphone calls are still downgraded to narrowband telephony. The resulting loss of quality can be reduced by artificial bandwidth extension. There has been great progress in bandwidth extension in recent years due to the use of neural networks. The topic of this thesis is the enhancement of artificial bandwidth extension using neural networks. A special focus is given to hands-free calls in a car, where the risk is high that the wideband connection is lost due to the fast movement. The bandwidth of narrowband transmission is not only reduced towards higher frequencies above 3.5 kHz but also towards lower frequencies below 300 Hz. There are already methods that estimate the low-frequency components quite well, which will therefore not be covered in this thesis. In most bandwidth extension algorithms, the narrowband signal is initially separated into a spectral envelope and an excitation signal. Both parts are then extended separately in order to finally combine both parts again. While the extension of the excitation can be implemented using simple methods without reducing the speech quality compared to wideband speech, the estimation of the spectral envelope for frequencies above 3.5 kHz is not yet solved satisfyingly. Current bandwidth extension algorithms are just able to reduce the quality loss due to narrowband transmission by a maximum of 50% in most evaluations. In this work, a modification for an existing method for excitation extension is proposed which achieves slight improvements while not generating additional computational complexity. In order to enhance the wideband envelope estimation with neural networks, two modifications of the training process are proposed. On the one hand, the loss function is extended with a discriminative part to address the different characteristics of phoneme classes. On the other hand, by using a GAN (generative adversarial network) for the training phase, a second network is added temporarily to evaluate the quality of the estimation. The neural networks that were trained are compared in subjective and objective evaluations. A final listening test addressed the scenario of a hands-free call in a car, which was simulated acoustically. The quality loss caused by the missing high frequency components could be reduced by 60% with the proposed approach.Obwohl die mobile Breitbandtelefonie bereits seit ĂŒber 15 Jahren standardisiert ist, gibt es oftmals noch kein flĂ€chendeckendes Netz mit einer guten Abdeckung. Das fĂŒhrt dazu, dass weiterhin viele MobilfunkgesprĂ€che auf Schmalbandtelefonie heruntergestuft werden. Der damit einhergehende QualitĂ€tsverlust kann mit kĂŒnstlicher Bandbreitenerweiterung reduziert werden. Das Thema dieser Arbeit sind Methoden zur weiteren Verbesserungen der QualitĂ€t des erweiterten Sprachsignals mithilfe neuronaler Netze. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Freisprech-Telefonie im Auto, da dabei das Risiko besonders hoch ist, dass durch die schnelle Fortbewegung die Breitbandverbindung verloren geht. Bei der SchmalbandĂŒbertragung fehlen neben den hochfrequenten Anteilen (etwa 3.5–7 kHz) auch tiefe Frequenzen unterhalb von etwa 300 Hz. Diese tieffrequenten Anteile können mit bereits vorhandenen Methoden gut geschĂ€tzt werden und sind somit nicht Teil dieser Arbeit. In vielen Algorithmen zur Bandbreitenerweiterung wird das Schmalbandsignal zu Beginn in eine spektrale EinhĂŒllende und ein Anregungssignal aufgeteilt. Beide Anteile werden dann separat erweitert und schließlich wieder zusammengefĂŒhrt. WĂ€hrend die Erweiterung der Anregung nahezu ohne QualitĂ€tsverlust durch einfache Methoden umgesetzt werden kann ist die SchĂ€tzung der spektralen EinhĂŒllenden fĂŒr Frequenzen ĂŒber 3.5 kHz noch nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst. Mit aktuellen Methoden können im besten Fall nur etwa 50% der durch SchmalbandĂŒbertragung reduzierten QualitĂ€t zurĂŒckgewonnen werden. FĂŒr die Anregungserweiterung wird in dieser Arbeit eine Variation vorgestellt, die leichte Verbesserungen erzielt ohne dabei einen Mehraufwand in der Berechnung zu erzeugen. FĂŒr die SchĂ€tzung der EinhĂŒllenden des Breitbandsignals mithilfe neuronaler Netze werden zwei Änderungen am Trainingsprozess vorgeschlagen. Einerseits wird die Kostenfunktion um einen diskriminativen Anteil erweitert, der das Netz besser zwischen verschiedenen Phonemen unterscheiden lĂ€sst. Andererseits wird als Architektur ein GAN (Generative adversarial network) verwendet, wofĂŒr in der Trainingsphase ein zweites Netz verwendet wird, das die QualitĂ€t der SchĂ€tzung bewertet. Die trainierten neuronale Netze wurden in subjektiven und objektiven Tests verglichen. Ein abschließender Hörtest diente zur Evaluierung des Freisprechens im Auto, welches akustisch simuliert wurde. Der QualitĂ€tsverlust durch Wegfallen der hohen Frequenzanteile konnte dabei mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz um etwa 60% reduziert werden
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