Distributed, Low-Cost, Non-Expert Fine Dust Sensing with Smartphones

Diese Dissertation behandelt die Frage, wie mit kostengünstiger Sensorik Feinstäube in hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung gemessen werden können. Dazu wird ein neues Sensorsystem auf Basis kostengünstiger off-the-shelf-Sensoren und Smartphones vorgestellt, entsprechende robuste Algorithmen zur Signalverarbeitung entwickelt und Erkenntnisse zur Interaktions-Gestaltung für die Messung durch Laien präsentiert. Atmosphärische Aerosolpartikel stellen im globalen Maßstab ein gravierendes Problem für die menschliche Gesundheit dar, welches sich in Atemwegs- und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen äußert und eine Verkürzung der Lebenserwartung verursacht. Bisher wird Luftqualität ausschließlich anhand von Daten relativ weniger fester Messstellen beurteilt und mittels Modellen auf eine hohe räumliche Auflösung gebracht, so dass deren Repräsentativität für die flächendeckende Exposition der Bevölkerung ungeklärt bleibt. Es ist unmöglich, derartige räumliche Abbildungen mit den derzeitigen statischen Messnetzen zu bestimmen. Bei der gesundheitsbezogenen Bewertung von Schadstoffen geht der Trend daher stark zu räumlich differenzierenden Messungen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz um eine hohe räumliche und zeitliche Abdeckung zu erreichen ist dabei Participatory Sensing, also die verteilte Messung durch Endanwender unter Zuhilfenahme ihrer persönlichen Endgeräte. Insbesondere für Luftqualitätsmessungen ergeben sich dabei eine Reihe von Herausforderungen - von neuer Sensorik, die kostengünstig und tragbar ist, über robuste Algorithmen zur Signalauswertung und Kalibrierung bis hin zu Anwendungen, die Laien bei der korrekten Ausführung von Messungen unterstützen und ihre Privatsphäre schützen. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf das Anwendungsszenario Partizipatorischer Umweltmessungen, bei denen Smartphone-basierte Sensorik zum Messen der Umwelt eingesetzt wird und üblicherweise Laien die Messungen in relativ unkontrollierter Art und Weise ausführen. Die Hauptbeiträge hierzu sind: 1. Systeme zum Erfassen von Feinstaub mit Smartphones (Low-cost Sensorik und neue Hardware): Ausgehend von früher Forschung zur Feinstaubmessung mit kostengünstiger off-the-shelf-Sensorik wurde ein Sensorkonzept entwickelt, bei dem die Feinstaub-Messung mit Hilfe eines passiven Aufsatzes auf einer Smartphone-Kamera durchgeführt wird. Zur Beurteilung der Sensorperformance wurden teilweise Labor-Messungen mit künstlich erzeugtem Staub und teilweise Feldevaluationen in Ko-Lokation mit offiziellen Messstationen des Landes durchgeführt. 2. Algorithmen zur Signalverarbeitung und Auswertung: Im Zuge neuer Sensordesigns werden Kombinationen bekannter OpenCV-Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen (Background-Subtraction, Contour Detection etc.) zur Bildanalyse eingesetzt. Der resultierende Algorithmus erlaubt im Gegensatz zur Auswertung von Lichtstreuungs-Summensignalen die direkte Zählung von Partikeln anhand individueller Lichtspuren. Ein zweiter neuartiger Algorithmus nutzt aus, dass es bei solchen Prozessen ein signalabhängiges Rauschen gibt, dessen Verhältnis zum Mittelwert des Signals bekannt ist. Dadurch wird es möglich, Signale die von systematischen unbekannten Fehlern betroffen sind auf Basis ihres Rauschens zu analysieren und das "echte" Signal zu rekonstruieren. 3. Algorithmen zur verteilten Kalibrierung bei gleichzeitigem Schutz der Privatsphäre: Eine Herausforderung partizipatorischer Umweltmessungen ist die wiederkehrende Notwendigkeit der Sensorkalibrierung. Dies beruht zum einen auf der Instabilität insbesondere kostengünstiger Luftqualitätssensorik und zum anderen auf der Problematik, dass Endbenutzern die Mittel für eine Kalibrierung üblicherweise fehlen. Bestehende Ansätze zur sogenannten Cross-Kalibrierung von Sensoren, die sich in Ko-Lokation mit einer Referenzstation oder anderen Sensoren befinden, wurden auf Daten günstiger Feinstaubsensorik angewendet sowie um Mechanismen erweitert, die eine Kalibrierung von Sensoren untereinander ohne Preisgabe privater Informationen (Identität, Ort) ermöglicht. 4. Mensch-Maschine-Interaktions-Gestaltungsrichtlinien für Participatory Sensing: Auf Basis mehrerer kleiner explorativer Nutzerstudien wurde empirisch eine Taxonomie der Fehler erstellt, die Laien beim Messen von Umweltinformationen mit Smartphones machen. Davon ausgehend wurden mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen gesammelt und klassifiziert. In einer großen summativen Studie mit einer hohen Teilnehmerzahl wurde der Effekt verschiedener dieser Maßnahmen durch den Vergleich vier unterschiedlicher Varianten einer App zur partizipatorischen Messung von Umgebungslautstärke evaluiert. Die dabei gefundenen Erkenntnisse bilden die Basis für Richtlinien zur Gestaltung effizienter Nutzerschnittstellen für Participatory Sensing auf Mobilgeräten. 5. Design Patterns für Participatory Sensing Games auf Mobilgeräten (Gamification): Ein weiterer erforschter Ansatz beschäftigt sich mit der Gamifizierung des Messprozesses um Nutzerfehler durch den Einsatz geeigneter Spielmechanismen zu minimieren. Dabei wird der Messprozess z.B. in ein Smartphone-Spiel (sog. Minigame) eingebettet, das im Hintergrund bei geeignetem Kontext die Messung durchführt. Zur Entwicklung dieses "Sensified Gaming" getauften Konzepts wurden Kernaufgaben im Participatory Sensing identifiziert und mit aus der Literatur zu sammelnden Spielmechanismen (Game Design Patterns) gegenübergestellt

2020 NASA Technology Taxonomy

This document is an update (new photos used) of the PDF version of the 2020 NASA Technology Taxonomy that will be available to download on the OCT Public Website. The updated 2020 NASA Technology Taxonomy, or "technology dictionary", uses a technology discipline based approach that realigns like-technologies independent of their application within the NASA mission portfolio. This tool is meant to serve as a common technology discipline-based communication tool across the agency and with its partners in other government agencies, academia, industry, and across the world

Opportunities and limitations of aerosol sensors to urban air quality monitoring

Ilmakehän pienhiukkaset ovat yksi keskeisimmistä kuolleisuuden riskitekijöistä kansainvälisessä taudin rasittavuuden analyysissä. Useat epidemiologiset tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet pienhiukkasten ja sydän- ja verisuoni- sekä hengitystiesairauksien yhteyden, ja eri arvioiden mukaan useita miljoonia ennenaikaisia kuolemia tapahtuu joka vuosi pienhiukkasaltistumisen seurauksena. Jotta pienhiukkasten negatiivisiin terveysvaikutuksiin voitaisiin vaikuttaa, tulee niiden lähteet ja dynaamiset prosessit, kuten alueellinen leviäminen, tuntea hyvin. Viimeaikainen aerosolisensoreiden esilletulo ja kehittyminen ovat avanneet uusia mahdollisuuksia ilmanlaadun seurantaan. Sensorit, jotka ovat tyypillisesti pienikokoisia, suhteellisen edullisia ja helppokäyttöisiä, mahdollistavat alueellisesti kattavien sensoriverkkomittausten toteuttamisen ja siten pienhiukkasten tarkemman tutkimisen. Sensoreiden edullisempi ja siten yksinkertaisempi mittaustekniikka saattaa toisaalta johtaa suurempaan mittausepätarkkuuteen ja huonompaan laatuun. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli arvioida ja luonnehtia aerosolisensoreiden tarkkuutta ja soveltuvuutta kaupunkialueiden ilmanlaadun seurantaan. Tutkimus keskittyi kahteen mittaustekniikkaan, jotka ovat parhaiten sovellettavissa sensorityyppisiin mittauksiin; optiseen ja diffuusiovarautumiseen perustuvaan tekniikkaan. Optisia sensoreita testattiin sekä ulkoilmassa että laboratoriossa, missä niiden hiukkaskokovalikoivuutta arvioitiin tutkimalla sensorin vastetta keinotekoisesti tuotetuilla erikokoisilla referenssihiukkasilla. Diffuusiovarautumiseen perustuvia sensoreita, jotka mittaavat niin kutsuttua keuhkodeposoituvaa pinta-ala, testattiin ulkoilmassa, missä niiden suorituskykyä arvioitiin erityisesti erittäin pienten nanohiukkasten, kuten liikenteen pakokaasun sekä puunpolton päästöjen, näkökulmasta. Tutkimustulosten perusteella optiset aerosolisensorit eivät toistaiseksi ole soveltuvia pitkäaikaiseen viranomaisvalvonnassa tehtävään ilmanlaadun seurantaan. Tämä johtuu niiden virheellisestä kalibroinnista, jonka seurauksena sensorit eivät mittaa hiukkaskokoluokkia, joita niiden tekniset tuoteselosteet antavat olettaa. Riski mittausdatan väärin tulkinnalle on täten ilmeinen. Toisaalta, kun mitattu hiukkasten kokojakauma rajattiin vastaamaan sensorin ominaista vastealuetta, sensorin mittaustarkkuus oli hyvä ja toistettava. Tämän perusteella, vaikkakin virheellinen kalibrointi rajoittaa optisten sensoreiden käytettävyyttä, konsepti ja visio sensoripohjaisesta mittausverkosta on mahdollinen ja saavutettavissa. Diffuusiovarautumiseen perustuvat sensorit osoittivat olevan teknisesti kehittyneempiä kuin optiset sensorit. Testatut sensorit olivat tarkkoja ja stabiileja kaikissa kenttämittauskampanjoissa, ja ne olivat erityisen hyvin soveltuvia liikenteen pakokaasujen sekä puunpolton päästöjen mittaamiseen. Tämän vuoksi diffuusiovaraukseen perustuvat sensorit olisivat arvokas lisä muiden mittaustekniikoiden rinnalle, varsinkin kun nanohiukkasten osuus kaupunki-ilmassa on merkittävä.Atmospheric particles are one of the leading mortality risk factors in the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD). The association between particulate mass of particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases has been characterized by multiple epidemiological studies, and varying estimates suggest that several million premature death occur globally each year due to PM2.5 exposure. Mitigation of the adverse health effects of particulate matter requires comprehensive understanding of their sources and dynamic processes, such as spatial dispersion. Recent emergence and development of aerosol sensors, which are typically characterized as small, relatively low cost and easy to use, have enabled new opportunities in air quality monitoring. As a result of their practical convenience, sensors can be deployed to the field in high quantities which, consequently, enables network-type, spatially comprehensive measurements. However, with more simplified and less expensive measurement approach, less accurate and reliable results may be expected. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize the accuracy and usability of aerosol sensor to urban air quality measurements. The investigation focused on two of the most prominent measurement techniques applicable to sensor type monitoring; optical and diffusion chargingbased techniques. Sensors utilizing optical technique were evaluated in laboratory and field studies for their error sources and particle size-selectivity, specifically. Diffusion charging-based sensors, which measure lung deposited surface area of particles, were evaluated in the field for their suitability to measure combustion emitted particles, such as vehicular exhaust and residential wood combustion emissions. Results of the study indicated that optical aerosol sensors are unlikely to be fit for long-term regulatory monitoring. The main issues preventing this arise from their improper calibration which poses a significant risk of data misinterpretation; none of the laboratory evaluated sensors measured particle sizes which their technical specifications implied. On the other hand, field tests showed that when the measured size fraction was targeted to match the true detection range of the sensor, highly accurate and repeatable results were obtained. This implies that, while the usability of optical sensors is limited in their current form, the concept and vision of a sensor driven air quality monitoring network remains valid and achievable. In comparison to optical sensors, diffusion charging-based sensors were found to be more mature in terms of their technological development. The evaluated sensors exhibited accurate and stable performance throughout the test campaigns and were shown to be particularly well-suited the measurement of combustion emitted particles. Hence, diffusion charger sensors would be a valuable addition to be used alongside other measurement techniques as urban air quality is heavily affected by nanoparticles

John F. Kennedy Space Center's Technology Development and Application 2006-2007 Report

Topics covered include: Reversible Chemochromic Hydrogen Detectors; Determining Trajectory of Triboelectrically Charged Particles, Using Discrete Element Modeling; Using Indium Tin Oxide To Mitigate Dust on Viewing Ports; High-Performance Polyimide Powder Coatings; Controlled-Release Microcapsules for Smart Coatings for Corrosion Applications; Aerocoat 7 Replacement Coatings; Photocatalytic Coatings for Exploration and Spaceport Design; New Materials for the Repair of Polyimide Electrical Wire Insulation; Commodity-Free Calibration; Novel Ice Mitigation Methods; Crack Offset Measurement With the Projected Laser Target Device; New Materials for Structural Composites and Protective Coatings; Fire Chemistry Testing of Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI); Using Aerogel-Based Insulation Material To Prevent Foam Loss on the Liquid-Hydrogen Intertank; Particle Ejection and Levitation Technology (PELT); Electrostatic Characterization of Lunar Dust; Numerical Analysis of Rocket Exhaust Cratering; RESOLVE Projects: Lunar Water Resource Demonstration and Regolith Volatile Characterization; Tribocharging Lunar Soil for Electrostatic Beneficiation; Numerically Modeling the Erosion of Lunar Soil by Rocket Exhaust Plumes; Trajectory Model of Lunar Dust Particles; Using Lunar Module Shadows To Scale the Effects of Rocket Exhaust Plumes; Predicting the Acoustic Environment Induced by the Launch of the Ares I Vehicle; Measuring Ultrasonic Acoustic Velocity in a Thin Sheet of Graphite Epoxy Composite; Hail Size Distribution Mapping; Launch Pad 39 Hail Monitor Array System; Autonomous Flight Safety System - Phase III; The Photogrammetry Cube; Bird Vision System; Automating Range Surveillance Through Radio Interferometry and Field Strength Mapping Techniques; Next-Generation Telemetry Workstation; GPS Metric Tracking Unit; and Space-Based Range

A Compendium of NIOSH mining research, 2001

"To continue serving the safety and health needs of the Nation's miners, NIOSH is coordinating extensively with stakeholders across the country to obtain valuable insight into their priorities. This input, together with results from comprehensive analyses of safety and health data, has allowed us to begin balancing the mining research program to address the prioritized needs of miners in various industry sectors. This publication provides brief descriptions of the NIOSH projects dedicated to the primary mission of reducing miners' occupational injury and illness including: hearing loss prevention; dust measurement and control; diesel emissions and toxic substances; hazard detection and warning devices; injury prevention and equipment design; training and education; ground control; fires, explosions, and ventilation; surveillance; and emerging technologies. The breadth and quality of research represented here is a true testament to the dedicated NIOSH researchers working in this field. As problems and issues emerge, or are effectively addressed over time, the research program will change accordingly, but it will continue to be based on a solid, scientific rationale and anchored in reality. NIOSH is always looking for better ways to communicate our research and results. This publication is just one way we are reaching out to inform our mining partners and other interested individuals and organizations about our current mining research projects. I look forward to continued interaction with NIOSH's many mining partners " - NIOSHTIC-2NIOSTIC no. 20000979Spokane Research Laboratory and Pittsburgh Research Laboratory.Includes bibliographical references

Evaluating Identification and Sorting Technologies for Improved Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Recycling

Metals recycling is one of the oldest industries in the United States that now employs over 530,000 individuals. It has always played a significant role in the economy, contributing $109.78 billion to the US economy in 2018. Furthermore, recycling supplies extensive goods and services, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) reported that every year greater than 900M Mt of scrap (~2 billion pounds) are consumed by manufactures globally, equating to 40% of the raw material demand. Additionally, as climate change becomes a greater threat, we must seek practices to lessen our carbon footprint, and recycling helps to reduce the environmental impact of metal production. Relying on this industry as an alternative to make-take-waste habits means understanding how the industry’s efficiency is being challenged by growing feed volumes of diverse, complex product designs. This work details the internal and external factors that impact the development of ferrous and nonferrous recycling operations. This knowledge is then applied to design and perform an extensive “true to yard” analysis with technologies that have potential for addressing inbound inspection and material identification challenges. These results allowed us to understand the limitations that would arise when attempting their deployment at material handling facilities, and then use these factors to build a model capable of quantifying and comparing these techniques, which is not available in previous literature. Inbound inspection and material identification are critical; they are the first opportunity once material is received to prevent comingling, downcycling, and contamination. Scrap yards identify and sort specific alloys from large quantities of mixed metals by means of visual and cognitive recognition with the aid of a few standard tools (a magnet, file, acids, and/or grinding wheel). This work tested handheld analyzers (HHs) that utilize x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology to determine the level of technological assistance they can provide to improving identification during the inspection process. Beforehand, we had a good indication of how HHs perform on material that has clean, smooth, uncoated surfaces (prompt scrap) but, what we aim to find is their response when used on “unprepared materials,” like those coming out of stock that are old, used, weathered, and/or warped (obsolete scrap). For these instruments to be deemed useful for inbound inspection/ identification purposes, it is crucial to understand and evaluate their limitations on scrap that is not altered and thus, true to a yard setting. Results indicate that in their current state, HHs can inform and verify content for a significant range of materials. They also show grade matching (identification of an alloy by name) is possible but less likely on unprepared scrap. However, the ability to register and share elemental composition percentages at rapid speeds, allows a trained user to know immediately what contaminants are present, often being high levels of Si and Fe. In addition to understanding how these technologies perform under real world conditions, it is also important to quantify whether their benefits outweigh their costs. This work examined five different scenarios for sorting and identification, each scenario offering different levels of alloy-specific sorting capabilities. The model that was created allowed for return on investment (ROI) comparisons, and evaluated the impacts of different market conditions, changes in volume, volume distribution, and uncertainty. This technoeconomic assessment showed that even a high amount of comingled material can be profitable at high volumes under certain market conditions. Although, comingling led to diminished profits, where segregating proved beneficial even at lower volumes. As we continue to invest, educate, and execute sustainable practices, we must understand that recycling should only come as an attempt after we have exhausted our efforts to reduce and reuse. Moreover, we can work to obtain a better balance along the supply chain by encouraging and creating more practices like design for recycling (DfR) and extended producer responsibility. Being that these behaviors will require a lot of societal reform, we need to ensure that we work to reduce landfill feed by providing the recycling industry with the tools and practices that are effective and efficient at getting materials identified and sorted

Bureau of Mines publications and articles, 1992-1993 (with subject and author index)

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) was established in the public interest to conclude inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations on mining and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve material resources and prevent their waste; to further economic development; to increaseee efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting those industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the U.S. Bureau of Mines to "disseminate information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purposes of this Act."In accordance with this directive, USBM reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-USBM publications. The number of these reports, the wide range of subjects they cover, and the variety of mediums in which they appear make this kind of list both necessary and valuable.This edition describes reports and articles published during calendar years 1992 and 1993. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 19602 ; and these 5-year lists of publications and articles: from January 1, 1965, to December 31, 1969 from January 1, 1970, to December 31, 1974, from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 197 , from January 1, 1980, to December 31,1984, and from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 1989.ISBN 0-16-045065-

Electrochemical Solutions for Advanced Life Support

The Oxygen Generating Assembly (OGA) on-board the International Space Station (ISS) employs a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis cell stack to electrochemically dissociate water into its two components oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen is provided to the cabin atmosphere for crew respiration while the hydrogen is delivered to a carbon dioxide reduction system to recover oxygen as water. The design of the OGA evolved over a number of years to arrive at the system solution that is currently operational on ISS. Future manned missions to space will require advanced technologies that eliminate the need for resupply from earth and feature in-situ resource utilization to sustain crew life and to provide useful materials to the crew. The architects planning such missions should consider all potential solutions at their disposal to arrive at an optimal vehicle solution that minimizes crew maintenance time, launch weight, installed volume and energy consumption demands. Skyre is developing new technologies through funding from NASA, the Department of Energy, and internal investment based on PEM technology that could become an integral part of these new vehicle solutions. At varying stages of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) are: an oxygen concentrator and compressor that can separate oxygen from an air stream and provide an enriched oxygen resource for crew medical use and space suit recharge without any moving parts in the pure oxygen stream; a regenerative carbon dioxide removal system featuring a PEM-based sorbent regenerator; a carbon dioxide reduction system that electrochemically produces organic compounds that could serve as fuels or as a useful intermediary to more beneficial compounds; and an electrochemical hydrogen separator and compressor for hydrogen recycle. The technical maturity of these projects is presented along with pertinent performance test data that could be beneficial in future study efforts

Research and Technology annual report FY-1981

Space transportation systems are summarized: space shuttle enhancement, a space operations center, the space platform, and geostationary activites are discussed. Aeronautics and space technology are summarized: experiments, energy systems, propulsion technology, synthetic aperture radar, large space systems, and shuttle-launched vehicles are discussed. Space sciences are summarized: lunar, planetary, and life sciences are discussed. Space and terrestrial applications are summarized. The AgRISTARS program, forest and wildland resource, and Texas LANDSAT applications are discussed