Scientific Rationale and Requirements for a Global Seismic Network on Mars

Following a brief overview of the mission concepts for a Mars Global Network Mission as of the time of the workshop, we present the principal scientific objectives to be achieved by a Mars seismic network. We review the lessons for extraterrestrial seismology gained from experience to date on the Moon and on Mars. An important unknown on Mars is the expected rate of seismicity, but theoretical expectations and extrapolation from lunar experience both support the view that seismicity rates, wave propagation characteristics, and signal-to-noise ratios are favorable to the collection of a scientifically rich dataset during the multiyear operation of a global seismic experiment. We discuss how particular types of seismic waves will provide the most useful information to address each of the scientific objectives, and this discussion provides the basis for a strategy for station siting. Finally, we define the necessary technical requirements for the seismic stations

The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, volume 1

These papers comprise a peer-review selection of presentations by authors from NASA, LPI industry, and academia at the Second Conference (April 1988) on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, sponsored by the NASA Office of Exploration and the Lunar Planetary Institute. These papers go into more technical depth than did those published from the first NASA-sponsored symposium on the topic, held in 1984. Session topics covered by this volume include (1) design and operation of transportation systems to, in orbit around, and on the Moon, (2) lunar base site selection, (3) design, architecture, construction, and operation of lunar bases and human habitats, and (4) lunar-based scientific research and experimentation in astronomy, exobiology, and lunar geology

Workshop on Advanced Technologies for Planetary Instruments, part 1

This meeting was conceived in response to new challenges facing NASA's robotic solar system exploration program. This volume contains papers presented at the Workshop on Advanced Technologies for Planetary Instruments on 28-30 Apr. 1993. This meeting was conceived in response to new challenges facing NASA's robotic solar system exploration program. Over the past several years, SDIO has sponsored a significant technology development program aimed, in part, at the production of instruments with these characteristics. This workshop provided an opportunity for specialists from the planetary science and DoD communities to establish contacts, to explore common technical ground in an open forum, and more specifically, to discuss the applicability of SDIO's technology base to planetary science instruments

Application of nanosatellites for lunar missions

Two major themes for the space sector in recent years have been the resurgence of missions to the Moon, facilitating the expansion of human presence into the Solar System, and the rapid growth in CubeSat launches. Lunar missions will play an important role in sustainable space exploration, as discussed in the Global Exploration Roadmap. The Roadmap outlines the next steps for the current and next generation of explorers and reaffirms the interest of 14 space agencies to return to the Moon. Over the past decade, a more daring approach to space innovation and the proliferation of low-cost small satellites have invited commercialization and, subsequently, have accelerated the development of miniaturized technologies and substantially reduced the costs associated with CubeSats. In this context, CubeSats are increasingly being considered as platforms for pioneering missions beyond low-Earth orbit. This paper describes a 3U nanosatellite mission to the Moon, designed as part of the UKSEDS Satellite Design Competition, capable of capturing and analysing details of the lunar environment. To achieve the primary mission objectives, a camera and an infrared spectrometer have been included to relay information about historic lunar landmarks to Earth. The design was developed to be integrated with Open Cosmos' OpenKit and reviewed by experts in the field from SSPI. The paper includes a detailed assessment of the current state of miniaturized instruments and the quality of scientific return which can be achieved by a lunar CubeSat mission. This concludes in an overall feasibility study of lunar CubeSats, a discussion of the current limitations and challenges associated with CubeSat technologies and a framework for future missions

NSSDC data listing

The purpose here is to identify, in a highly summarized way, data available from the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). Most data are maintained as offline data sets gathered from individual instruments carried on spacecraft; these comprise the Satellite Data Listing. Descriptive names, time spans, data form, and quality of these data sets are identified in the listing, which is sorted alphabetically, first by spacecraft name and then by the principal investigator's or team leader's last name. Several data sets not associated with individual spaceflight instruments are identified in separate listings following the Satellite Data Listing. These include composite spacecraft data sets, ground based data, models, and computer routines. NSSDC also offers data via special services and systems in a number of areas, including the Astronomical Data Center, Coordinated Data Analysis Workshops, NASA Climate Data System, Pilot Land Data System, and Crustal Dynamics Data Information System

Advanced technologies for planetary instruments

The planetary science community described instrumentation needed for missions that may go into development during the next 5 to 10 years. Then the DoD community to informed their counterparts in planetary science about their interests and capabilities, and to described the BMDO technology base, flight programs, and future directions. The working group sessions and the panel discussion synthesized technical and programmatic issues from all the presentations, with a specific goal of assessing the applicability of BMDO technologies to science instrumentation for planetary exploration.edited by J. Appleby.Clementine II: A Double Asteroid Flyby and Impactor Mission / Boain, R.J. -- The APX Spectrometer for Martian Missions / Economou, T. -- Clementine Sensor Processing System / Feldstein, A.A. -- The Ultraviolet Plume Instrument (UVPI) / Horan, D.M. -- New Technologies for UV Detectors / Joseph, C.L

Insights about deep moonquakes origins

Dissertação (mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências Aplicadas, 2021.A gênese dos sismos profundos tem desafiado os cientistas há décadas. Cinquenta anos após a missão Apollo 11, algumas questões sobre as características geofísicas da Lua ainda permanecem sem resposta. Um deles envolve o mecanismo casual de terremotos lunares pro- fundos, que são eventos sísmicos de baixa magnitude (M ≤ 2) que variam de 700 km a 1200 km de profundidade. Embora a interpretação dos dados sismológicos das Missões Apollo tenha fornecido informações essenciais sobre a composição e estrutura da Lua, a relação entre esta estruturação e como as forças gravitacionais no sistema Terra-Lua-Sol influenciam eventos profundos ainda não está clara. Estudos anteriores sugerem que esses sismos lunares profun- dos podem ser desencadeados pela variabilidade gravitacional, produzida pelo movimento da Lua em torno da Terra (como os períodos/meses sinódicos, anomalísticos e siderais), ou seja, a periodicidade das marés. Os terremotos lunares profundos, por exemplo, foram associa- dos à ciclicidade orbital lunar. No entanto, o estresse cíclico de maré não é suficiente para causar ruptura em pressões confinantes onde ocorrem os eventos profundos, uma vez que seus hipocentros ocorrem em áreas mais profundas e não são sensíveis ao estresse de maré. Na Terra, terremotos profundos ocorrem perto da zona de transição no manto e sua origem está frequentemente associada à desidratação de placas litosféricas. Além disso, a relação angular entre o apse lunar paralelo ao eixo de rotação da Terra tem sido associada a um aumento no número de grandes terremotos, devido ao estresse das marés. Aqui foi analisada uma série temporal de sismos lunares profundos (correlacionados com sismos terrestres profundos) com o número de eventos sísmicos por dia e parâmetros orbitais correspondentes calculados, como variações na distância, ocorrência angular e temporal entre a Lua e os planos orbitais Sol-Terra . Essa análise foi realizada usando as abordagens de Aprendizado de Máquina e Wavelet. Em contraste com estudos anteriores, os resultados sugeriram que os elementos orbitais sujeitos a distúrbios solares não influenciam significativamente os sismos lunares profundos. Alternati- vamente, os sismos lunares profundos estão principalmente relacionados a parâmetros orbitais que descrevem a posição da Lua em seu plano orbital, em relação ao sistema de coordenadas referenciado pela eclíptica e equinócio da época J2000.0 (onde as missões Apollo registraram todos os eventos que nós conhecemos). Os resultados mostram que estes eventos profundos são desencadeados pelo movimento da Terra e da Lua em seu próprio plano orbital. Aqui foi encontrado que a sismicidade profunda advêm dos movimentos orbitais de Inclinação do plano lunar (IN), Longitude do Nodo Ascendente (OM), Anomalia Verdadeira (TA) e Argumento do Perifoco (W). Sismos profundos ocorrem em regiões sísmicas específicas, sugerindo que a sis- micidade pode ser induzida por fatores externos ao corpo planetário. Esses resultados também sugeriram que a Terra e a Lua possuem camadas específicas com comportamento elástico que respondem sismologicamente de forma semelhante.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).The genesis of deep quakes has been challenged scientists for decades. Fifty years after the Apollo 11 mission, some questions on the geophysical characteristics of the Moon still remain unanswered. One of them involves the casual mechanism of deep moonquakes, which are low magnitude seismic events (M ≤ 2) that ranges from 700 km to 1200 km in depth. Although the interpretation of seismological data from the Apollo Missions has provided essential infor- mation on the composition and structure of the Moon, a relationship between this structuration and how the gravitational forces in the Earth-Moon-Sun system influence deep moonquakes is still unclear. Previous studies suggest that these deep quakes can be triggered by gravitational variability, produced by the motion of the Moon around the Earth (such as the synodic, anoma- listic, and sidereal periods/months), i.e., tidal periodicity. Deep moonquakes, for example, have been associated with lunar orbital cyclicity. However, cyclic tidal stress is not sufficient to cause rupture at confining pressures where deep moonquakes occur, since its hypocenters occur in deeper areas and may not be sensitive to tidal stress. On Earth, deep quakes occur close to the transition zone in the mantle and their origin is often associated with dehydration of lithospheric slabs. Also, the angle relation between the lunar apse parallel to the axis of rotation of the Earth has been associated with an increase in the number of large earthquakes, due to tidal stresses. Here was analyzed a time series of deep moonquakes (correlating with deep earthquakes) with the number of seismic events per day, and calculated correspondent orbital parameters, such as variations in distance, angular and temporal occurrence between the Moon and the Sun-Earth orbital planes. This analysis was performed using Machine Learning and Wavelet approaches. In contrast to previous studies, the results suggested that the orbitals elements subject to solar disturbances do not significantly influence deep moonquakes. Alter- nately, deep moonquakes are mainly related to orbital parameters that describe the position of the Moon in its orbital plane, in relation to the coordinate system referenced by the ecliptic and equinox of the J2000.0 epoch (where Apollo missions recorded all the events that we know). The results show that deep quakes are triggered by the movement of the Earth and the Moon in their own orbital plane. Here was found that deep seismicity arises from the orbital movements of Inclination of the lunar plane (IN), Longitude of Ascending Node (OM), True Anomaly (TA), and Argument of Perifocus (W). Deep quakes occur in specific seismic regions suggest- ing that seismicity may be induced by external factors to the planetary body. These results also suggested that the Earth and the Moon have specific layers with elastic behavior that respond seismologically in a similar way