5G network deployment and the associated energy consumption in the UK: A complex systems’ exploration

Investing in the communication infrastructure transition requires significant scientific consideration of challenges, prioritisation, risks and uncertainties. To address these challenges, a bottom-up approach was used to demonstrate the future of wireless network transmission and deployment. This study developed an agent-based model to explore the future deployment of non-standalone 5G networks, synthesizing multi-dimensional data visualization. In particular, this research took the UK as an example to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of 5G evolution, and further analysed the energy consumption and carbon footprint of 5G networks, as well as the consequent change in the operating expenses pattern. The simulation results show that 700 MHz and 26 GHz will play an important role in 5G deployment in the UK, which allow base stations to meet short-term and long-term data traffic demands respectively. Furthermore, due to the geopolitical restrictions and embargos, telecommunications may face additional costs of £0.63bn to £1.19bn when deploying 5G radio access networks. Network densification may cause some environmental and economic problems. Take a medium demand scenario as an example, it is found that the electricity consumed by the 5G radio access network will account for more than 2.1% of the total electricity generation, and indirectly lead to 990,404 tonnes carbon emissions in 2030

Airport connectivity optimization for 5G ultra-dense networks

The rapid increase of air traffic demand and complexity of radio access network motivate developing scalable wireless communications by adopting system intelligence. The lack of adaptive reconfiguration in radio transmission systems may cause dramatic impacts on the traffic management concerning congestion and demand-capacity imbalances driving the industry to jointly access licensed and unlicensed bands for improved airport connectivity. Therefore, intelligent system is embedded into fifth generation (5G) ultra-dense networks (UDNs) to provision dense and irregular deployments that maintain extended coverage and also to improve the energy-efficiency for the entire airport network providing high speed services. To define the technical aspects of this solution, this paper addresses new intelligent technique that configures the coverage and capacity factors of radio access network considering the changes in air traffic demands. This technique is analysed through mathematical models that employ power consumption constraints to support dynamic traffic control requirements to improve the overall network capacity. The presented problem is formulated and exactly solved for medium or large airport air transportation network. The power optimization problem is solved using linear programming with careful consideration to latency and energy efficiency factors. Specifically, an intelligent pilot power method is adopted to maintain the connectivity throughout multi-interface technologies by assuming minimum power requirements. Numerical and system-level analysis are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed schemes for both licenced macrocell Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and unlicensed wireless fidelity (WiFi) topologies. Finally, the insights of problem modelling with intelligent techniques provide significant advantages at reasonable complexity and brings the great opportunity to improve the airport network capacit

Exploring the landscape pattern change analysis for the transboundary Nyungwe-Kibira Forest (2000–2019): a spatially explicit assessment

Introduction and aimEnsuring the protection and restoration of forest ecosystems is vital to maintaining and restoring ecological balance in deforested or degraded landscapes. However, sustainable development faces challenges from high human impacts on natural forest ecosystems, insufficient advanced conservation measures, and limited engagement of local communities in developing nations. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of spatial remote sensing datasets in examining the landscape pattern changes within the transboundary Nyungwe-Kibira Forest from 2000 to 2019. This aimed to emphasize the necessity of understanding the intricate dynamics of this ecosystem and its susceptibility to human activities in order to bolster diverse restoration initiatives throughout the region.MethodsThe landscape pattern change in the Nyungwe-Kibira between 2000 and 2019 was analysed using high-resolution Landsat data. This analysis encompassed an evaluation of the dynamics of changes in built-up, cropland, and forest areas within the region. Especially, primary data derived from the Landsat dataset and secondary data from reports such as the Outlook Report were employed to elucidate the ongoing landscape transformation within and surrounding the transboundary forest.Results and discussionThe analysis revealed a net change of +62.3% and +18.07% in built-up and cropland areas, resulting in a gross change of 14,133 ha and 6,322 ha in built-up and cropland areas, respectively. Furthermore, the forest experienced an overall gain of 9.11%, corresponding to a net loss of 6.92% due to deforestation, estimated at -14,764 ha. The analysis also indicated that built-up areas accounted for approximately 33.02% of the net forest loss, primarily affecting the northern edge of the Rwanda region, while cropland expansion contributed to a net loss of forest (-9.48%), predominantly impacting the southeast portion of the forest in Burundi. Additionally, the forest is predicted to decrease by 0.74% by 2030, with current findings showing aggregated forest and cropland at 66% and 7%, dissected rangeland at 24%, and created built-up areas at 3%. The findings indicate that the Nyungwe-Kibira Forest is undergoing notable transformations, highlighting the necessity of land-based projects and mitigation plans to facilitate the restoration of the forest from its historical changes. Without proactive measures, an ongoing decrease in forest area by 2030 is anticipated

Mapping the Impact of Urbanization on Green Spaces: The Human Drivers of Land Use/Land Cover Change in Delhi

Rapid urbanization across the globe poses a severe threat to the urban environment and sustainability. The increasing urban population exerts pressure on existing natural resources for food and shelter, leading to degradation and loss of urban greenspaces and water bodies. The deficit of urban nature manifests in the loss of valuable ecosystem services like air purification, water infiltration, reduction in water pollution, micro-climate regulation, noise reduction and carbon sequestration (Kong et al., 2007) and other related nature-derived benefits. Thus, there is a pressing need to protect and restore the functioning of these spaces through conservation and suitable management practices (Devy and Swamy 2009). Towards this, the present research aims at critically analyzing the global drivers of changes in green spaces, understanding the impact of Delhi’s urban growth on the extent and fragmentation of green spaces, exploring the attitudes and perceptions of the public on parks (one of the most important remaining green spaces in most cities) in Delhi and finally, assessing the management and communication networks that are associated with park governance. The findings of this study can serve as a useful reference for planning authorities and urban designers for the enhancement and preservation of urban green cover, to help meet the needs of the park visitors, and improve effective park governance towards the goal of providing a satisfying urban park visitor experience. All this will ensure the protection and enhancement of biodiversity and support green spaces to improve human health and well-being in stressful urban environments

Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world : proceedings of the fifth international conference on monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas : Wageningen, the Netherlands, May 30-June 3, 2010

Proceedings of the fifth international conference on monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas : Wageningen, the Netherlands, May 30-June 3, 201