Safety in the Supply Chain in Relation to Packing of Containers

This document is part of a digital collection provided by the Martin P. Catherwood Library, ILR School, Cornell University, pertaining to the effects of globalization on the workplace worldwide. Special emphasis is placed on labor rights, working conditions, labor market changes, and union organizing.ILO_SafetyinSupplyChaininRelationtoPackingContainers.pdf: 856 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

An introduction to multifractal geometry of wave sea states on the west and south-east coasts of South Africa

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: All of the Ports along the South African coastline are subject to bound infragravity wave action to a greater or lesser degree, for example, at the Ports of Saldanha Bay on the west coast and Ngqura on the south-east coast. Saldanha Bay harbour principally services loose- and liquid-bulk carriers and the Ngqura harbour mainly services container ships. The long wave actions when severe cause moorings to be broken, ships to leave the quay and loading to stop. This research has confirmed that the sea surface is a multifractal structure characterised by many singularities ranging from highly irregular or rough features to smooth or calm features. Any wave train is comprised of the full range of these features to various degrees and in varying percentages of occupancy. Notwithstanding this problem, relatively little is known about them in the South African context due to the fact that they cannot be visually detected and specialised, sophisticated equipment is required to physically measure them. The country is currently planning the development of a new port and the expansion of others for larger ships. Under these circumstances this research is seen to be appropriate from the point of view of obtaining a new method for the characterisation of these hazardous wave conditions. The objective of the research was achieved. This was to identify a set of fractal dimensions that describe the surface geometry of a hazardous bound infragravity wave sea state. In order to achieve the objective, a set of fractal dimensions was firstly determined from video imagery of an open water wave field, by analysing a set of single point time series data derived from the imagery. This has been done in order to be able to visually compare the derived set of fractal dimensions with video imagery of the sea surface that they represent. It also has the advantage of proving that fractal methods of analysis are applicable for the study of sea surface single point time series data. Secondly, periods when long wave action occurs at both Saldanha Bay and Ngqura harbours were identified by the presence of their actions in the harbours. Thirdly, single point time series data recorded by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) were obtained during the identified periods as well as two days before these times and fractal sets of dimensions for the periods were determined. This was achieved by means of the following methods of analysis: ● The rescaled range (R/S) method, ● The Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MDFA) method, ● The Power Spectral Density (PSD) method in both the Fourier and the wavelet domains, and ● The Wavelet Transform method. Fourthly, the fractal data sets from each harbour were compared to confirm that the sets of dimensions for the hazardous sea state are clearly different from those of the non-hazardous sea state and can be used to describe the condition. Finally, the fractal sets of dimensions for hazardous sea states at both harbours were compared to identify any variances between them. During the research it was found that a hazardous sea state could be profiled for identification purposes and for complementing the currently determined significant wave height and peak period details by means of fractal indices. These indices were identified by comparison with a similar set of indices for nonhazardous sea states at the same location, as part of a ‘calibration’ process and clearly identified shifts in the Holder exponents of the sea states enabled the unambiguous identification of the hazardous condition. Having completed the research and analysis work, the author has identified other areas of coastal engineering, besides the identification of hazardous bound infragravity wave sea states, where a study of multifractal geometry could be applied advantageously.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alle hawens langs Suid Afrika se kuslyn is tot ‘n meerdere of mindere mate onderworpe aan gebonde infragravitasie golf aksie. Hierdie probleem is egter veral straf by die hawens van Saldanhabaai aan die weskus en Ngqura, aan die suidooskus. Saldanhabaai voorsien dienste hoofsaaklik aan massa draers van los stowwe en vloeistof, terwyl Ngqura hoofsaaklik houerskepe bedien. Die lang golf aksies veroorsaak dat ankertoue breek en die skepe die kaai verlaat, sodat laai van die skepe tot stilstand kom. In die loop van hierdie navorsing is gevind dat die seevlak ‘n multifraktale struktuur is, met singulariteitseienskappe wat wissel van hoogs onreëlmatig of rowwe eienskappe tot gladde, reëlmatige eienskappe. Enige golfreeks behels die volle omvang van hierdie eienskappe in verskillende grade en wisselende teenwoordigheids persentasies. Die navorsing is gefokus op die geometrie van gebonde infragravitasie golfaksie seetoestande, wat oral langs die Suid Afrikaanse kuslyn voorkom, en in twee hawens ‘n beduidende bedreiging vir vasgemaakte skepe is. Ondanks die probleem, is min bekend oor hierdie toestande in Suid Afrikaanse konteks, omdat hulle nie visueel bespeur kan word nie en spesiale gesofistikeerde gereedskap nodig is om hulle fisies te kan meet. Daar word tans beplan om ‘n nuwe hawe te ontwikkel, wat hierdie navorsing veral gepas maak, met die doel om ‘n meer volledige beskrywing van hierdie bedreigende golftoestande te weeg te bring. Die doel van die navorsing is om ‘n stel fraktale dimensies te identifiseer wat die oppervlakgeometrie van ‘n bedreigende gebonde infragravitasie golf-seetoestand omskryf. Hierdie dimensies kan dan gebruik word om ‘n indentifiserende profiel van die seetoestand te teken om die inligting tans beskikbaar oor beduidende golfhoogte en piektye, aan te vul. Om hierdie doel te bereik is ‘n stel fraktale dimensies eerstens bepaal deur middel van videobeelding van ‘n oopwater golfveld. ‘n Stel enkelpunt tydserie data, afgelei van die beelding, word dan ge-analiseer. Dit het visuele vergelyking tussen die afgeleide stel fraktale dimensies en die videobeelding van die seevlak wat dit verteenwoordig het, moontlik gemaak. ‘n Verdere voordeel is dat dit bewys het dat fraktale analisemetodes toepaslik is vir die bestudering van seevlak enkelpunt tydreeks data. Tweedens is die tye wanneer lang golfaksie teenwoordig was in die hawens by Saldanha en Ngqura, vasgestel deur die uitwerking daarvan in die hawens. Derdens is enkelpunt tydreeks data wat deur die WNNR aangeteken is vir die vasgestelde tydperke, sowel as twee dae voor elke tydperk, verkry en is fraktale dimensiestelle vir elke tydperk vasgestel. Vierdens is die fraktale datastelle van albei die hawens vergelyk om te bevestig dat die stelle dimensies vir bedreigende seetoestande duidelik verskil van die vir niebedreigende toestande, en dus geskik is om die seetoestand te beskryf. Ten slotte is die fraktale dimensiestelle vir bedreigende seetoestande in die twee hawens vergelyk om enige verskille tussen hulle te bepaal. Na voltooiing van die navorsing en analise is ander gebiede van kusingenieurswese behalwe die bepaling van bedreigende gebonde infragravitasie golf seetoestande, identifiseer waar multifraktale geometrie ook tot voordeel aangewend kan word

Proceedings of the Interagency Workshop on Lighter than Air Vehicles

Papers presented at the workshop are reported. Topics discussed include: economic and market analysis, technical and design considerations, manufacturing and operations, design concepts, airship applications, and unmanned and tethered systems

Maritime expressions:a corpus based exploration of maritime metaphors

This study uses a purpose-built corpus to explore the linguistic legacy of Britain’s maritime history found in the form of hundreds of specialised ‘Maritime Expressions’ (MEs), such as TAKEN ABACK, ANCHOR and ALOOF, that permeate modern English. Selecting just those expressions commencing with ’A’, it analyses 61 MEs in detail and describes the processes by which these technical expressions, from a highly specialised occupational discourse community, have made their way into modern English. The Maritime Text Corpus (MTC) comprises 8.8 million words, encompassing a range of text types and registers, selected to provide a cross-section of ‘maritime’ writing. It is analysed using WordSmith analytical software (Scott, 2010), with the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus. Using the MTC, a list of keywords of specific salience within the maritime discourse has been compiled and, using frequency data, concordances and collocations, these MEs are described in detail and their use and form in the MTC and the BNC is compared. The study examines the transformation from ME to figurative use in the general discourse, in terms of form and metaphoricity. MEs are classified according to their metaphorical strength and their transference from maritime usage into new registers and domains such as those of business, politics, sports and reportage etc. A revised model of metaphoricity is developed and a new category of figurative expression, the ‘resonator’, is proposed. Additionally, developing the work of Lakov and Johnson, Kovesces and others on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), a number of Maritime Conceptual Metaphors are identified and their cultural significance is discussed