Fixed-point Processing for an IR Positioning System based on QADA Receivers

2022 IEEE 12th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), 5-8 September, 2022, Beijing, China.Indoor optical positioning systems have increased in popularity in recent years because they can provide centimeter accuracy in three dimensions (3D) utilizing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photoreceptors. This work presents the design of a positioning system, which is based on a set of four photoreceptors functioning as beacons at known places for a single LED to be positioned. However, it might be extended to additional emitters with some medium access control. The associated processing is explained, as well as the basic assumptions to be addressed when approaching its hardware implementation, such as the preliminary partitioning of tasks between hardware and software, and the fixed-point representation of the processing to be implemented in hardware. The system has been validated by simulation in a 2 × 2 × 3.4 m3 volume, yielding mean absolute errors around 0.004 m for the X and Y axes, and around 0.01 m for the Z-axis, as well as lower standard deviations than 0.004 m for the X and Y axes and 0.01 m for the Z-axis.Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciónUniversidad de Alcal

'NoSQL' and electronic patient record systems: opportunities and challenges

(c) 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.Research into electronic health record systems can be traced back over four decades however the penetration of records which incorporate more than simply basic information into healthcare organizations is relatively limited. There is a great (and largely unsatisfied) demand for effective health record systems, such systems are very difficult to build with data generally stored in highly distributed states in a diverse range of formats as unstructured data with access and updating achieved over online systems. Internet application design must reflect three trends in the computing landscape: (1) growing numbers of users applications must support (along with growing user performance expectations), (2) growth in the volume and range and diversity in the data that developers accommodate, and (3) and the rise of Cloud Computing (which relies on a distributed three-tier Internet architecture). The traditional approach to data storage has generally employed Relational Database Systems however to address the evolving paradigm interest has been shown in alternative database systems including 'NoSQL' technologies which are gaining traction in Internet based enterprise systems. This paper considers the requirements of distributed health record systems in online applications and database systems. The analysis supports the conclusion that 'NoSQL' database systems provide a potentially useful approach to the implementation of HR systems in online applications.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Dual-Band Integrated Antennas for DVB-T Receivers

An overview on compact Planar Inverted-F Antennas (PIFAs) that are suitable for monitor-equipped devices is presented. In particular, high efficiency PIFAs (without any dielectric layer) with a percentage bandwidth (%BW) greater than 59% (470–862 MHz DVB-T band) are considered. In this context, two PIFA configurations are reviewed, where a dual-band feature has been obtained, in the 3300–3800 MHz (14% percentage bandwidth) WiMAX and 2400–2484 MHz (2.7% percentage bandwidth) WLAN IEEE 802.11b,g frequency bands, respectively, to also guarantee web access to on-demand services. The two PIFAs fill an overall volume of  mm3 and  mm3, respectively. They are composed of a series of branches, properly dimensioned and separated to generate the required resonances. Finally, to show the extreme flexibility of the previous two configurations, a novel dual-band L-shape PIFA has been designed. A reflection coefficient less than −6 dB and −10 dB and an antenna gain of around 2 dBi and 6.3 dBi have been obtained in the 470–862 MHz DVB-T band and the 2400–2484 MHz WLAN band, respectively. The L-shape PIFA prototype can be obtained by properly cutting and folding a single metal sheet, thus resulting in a relatively low-cost and mechanically robust antenna configuration

Implementing opportunistic spectrum access in LTE-Advanced

Long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) has emerged as a promising mobile broadband access technology aiming to cope with the increasing traffic demand in wireless networks. However, the enhanced spectral efficiency offered by LTE-A may become futile without a better management of scarce and overcrowded electromagnetic spectrum. In this sense, cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed as a potential solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Among all the mechanisms provided by CR, opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) aims at a dynamic and seamless use of certain licensed bands provided the licensee is not harmfully affected. This operation requires spectral awareness in order to avoid interferences with licensed systems. In spite of implementing some spectrum sensing mechanisms, LTE-A technology lacks other tools that are needed in order to improve the knowledge of the radio environment. This work studies the adoption of a Geo-located data base (Geo-DB) that cooperatively retrieves and maintains information regarding the location of unutilized portions of spectrum potentially available for OSA. Moreover, the potential benefit of this LTE-compliant OSA solution is evaluated using a calibrated simulation tool, by which numerical results allow us to optimally configure the system and show that the proposed opportunistic system is able to significantly improve its performance.The authors would like to thank the funding received from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion within the Project number TEC2011-27723-C02-02 and from the Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio TSI-020100-2011-266 funds. This article had been written in the framework of the CELTIC project CP08-001 COMMUNE. Study by X. Gelabert is funded by the BP-DGR 2010 scholarship (ref. 00192). The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of their colleagues.Osa Ginés, V.; Herranz Claveras, C.; Monserrat Del Río, JF.; Gelabert, X. (2012). Implementing opportunistic spectrum access in LTE-Advanced. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2012(99):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-99S117201299Martín-Sacristán D, Monserrat JF, Cabrejas-Peñuelas J, Calabuig D, Garrigas S, Cardona N: On the way towards fourth-generation mobile: 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2009, 2009: 1-10.Ratasuk R, Tolli D, Ghosh A: Carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced. In IEEE 71st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2010-Spring). Taipei; 2010:1-5.Wang H, Rosa C, Pedersen K: Performance of uplink carrier aggregation in LTE-advanced systems. In IEEE 72nd Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2010-Fall). Ottawa; 2010:1-5.Tandra R, Sahai A, Mishra S: What is a spectrum hole and what does it take to recognize one? Proc IEEE 2009, 97(5):824-848.Mitola IJ, Maguire JGQ: Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal. IEEE Personal Commun 1999, 6(4):13-18. 10.1109/98.788210Haykin S: Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 2005, 23(2):201-220.IEEE 802.22 Working Group on Wireless Regional Area Networks. [ http://www.ieee802.org/22/ ]ITU-R BT1368: Planning criteria for digital terrestrial television services in the VHF/UHF bands.ITU-R BT1786: Criterion to assess the impact of interference to the terrestrial broadcasting service (BS).Kawade S, Nekovee M: Cognitive radio-based urban wireless broadband in unused TV bands. In 20th International Radioelektronika Conference. Brno; 2010:1-4.Modlic B, Sisul G, Cvitkovic M: Digital dividend--Opportunities for new mobile services. In International Symposium ELMAR 2009 (ELMAR'09). Zadar; 2009:1-8.Zhao X, Guo Z, Guo Q: A cognitive based spectrum sharing scheme for LTE advanced systems. In International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT). Moscow; 2010:965-969.Hussain S, Fernando X: Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: Up-to-date techniques and future challenges. In IEEE Toronto International Conference on Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH). Toronto; 2009:736-741.Xu Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zou H: Joint sensing period and transmission time optimization for energy-constrained cognitive radios. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2010, 2010: 1-16.Yucek T, Arslan H: A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2009, 11: 116-130.Cabric D, Mishra S, Brodersen R: Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios. In Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. Volume 1. Pacific Grove; 2004:772-776.Zeng Y, Liang YC, Hoang A, Peh E: Reliability of spectrum sensing under noise and interference uncertainty. In IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, 2009. ICC Workshops. Dresden; 2009:1-5.Bixio L, Ottonello M, Raffetto M, Regazzoni CS: Comparison among cognitive radio architectures for spectrum sensing. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2011, 2011: 1-18.Mustonen M, Matinmikko M, Mammela A: Cooperative spectrum sensing using quantized soft decision combining. In 4th International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications, 2009 (CROWNCOM'09). Hannover; 2009:1-5.Xiao L, Liu K, Ma L: A weighted cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. In International Conference on Information Networking and Automation (ICINA). Volume 2. Kunming; 2010:45-48.Pan Q, Chang Y, Zheng R, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yang D: Solution of information exchange for cooperative sensing in cognitive radios. In IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2009 (WCNC'2009). Budapest; 2009:1-4.Masri A, Chiasserini CF, Perotti A: Control information exchange through UWB in cognitive radio networks. In 5th IEEE International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing (ISWPC). Modena; 2010:110-115.Celebi H, Arslan H: Utilization of location information in cognitive wireless networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 2007, 14(4):6-13.FCC: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, in the Matter of Unlicensed Operation in the TV Broadcast Bands (ET Docket no. 04-186) and Additional Spectrum for Unlicensed.Marcus MJ, Kolodzy P, Lippman A: Reclaiming the vast wasteland: why unlicensed use of the white space in the TV bands will not cause interference to DTV viewers. New America Foundation: wireless future program, tech rep 2005.Nam H, Ghorbel M, Alouini M: Proc. of the Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented. In Proc of the Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks Communications (CROWNCOM). Cannes; 2010:1-5.IEEE Std 80221-2008: IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Part 21: Media Independent Handover. 2009.3GPP TS 36133: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Requirements for support of radio resource management.Sesia S, Baker M, Toufik I: LTE, the UMTS long term evolution: from theory to practice. Wiley, New Haven; 2009.Digham FF, Alouini MS, Simon MK: On the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels. In IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003 (ICC'03). Volume 5. Anchorage; 2003:3575-3579.Ghasemi A, Sousa ES: Collaborative spectrum sensing for opportunistic access in fading environments. In First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). Baltimore; 2005:131-136.Gelabert X, Akyildiz IF, Sallent O, Agustí R: Operating point selection for primary and secondary users in cognitive radio networks. Comput Netw 2009, 53(8):1158-1170. 10.1016/j.comnet.2009.02.009Taniuchi K, Ohba Y, Fajardo V, Das S, Tauil M, Cheng YH, Dutta A, Baker D, Yajnik M, Famolari D: IEEE 802.21: media independent handover: features, applicability, and realization. IEEE Commun Mag 2009, 47: 112-120.3GPP TS 36305: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE) positioning in E-UTRAN.3GPP TS 36355: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access; LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP).3GPP TS 36455: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access; LTE Positioning Protocol A (LPPa).Ren W, Zhao Q, Swami A: Power control in cognitive radio networks: how to cross a multi-lane highway. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 2008, 27(7):1283-1296.3GPP R1-084424: Control Channel Design Issues for Carrier Aggregation in LTE-A.Dajie J, Haiming W, Malkamaki E, Tuomaala E: Principle and performance of semi-persistent scheduling for VoIP in LTE system. In International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2007 (WiCom 2007). Shanghai; 2007:2861-2864.Rajbanshi R, Wyglinski AM, Minden GJ: An efficient implementation of NC-OFDM transceivers for cognitive radios. In Proc of 1st Conf on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Commun. Mykonos; 2006:1-5.Wellens M, Riihijarvi J, Mahonen P: Modeling primary system activity in dynamic spectrum access networks by aggregated ON/OFF-processes. In 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks Workshops, 2009. SECON Workshops'09. Rome; 2009:1-6.3GPP TS 36214: Physical layer; Measurements.Ofuji Y, Morimoto A, Abeta S, Sawahashi M: Comparison of packet scheduling algorithms focusing on user throughput in high speed downlink packet access. In 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. Volume 3. Lis-boa; 2002:1462-1466.ITU-R ITU M2135: Guidelines for evaluation of radio interface technologies for IMT-Advanced 2008

A Novel Deep Learning Framework for Internal Gross Target Volume Definition from 4D Computed Tomography of Lung Cancer Patients

In this paper, we study the reliability of a novel deep learning framework for internal gross target volume (IGTV) delineation from four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT), which is applied to patients with lung cancer treated by Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT). 77 patients who underwent SBRT followed by 4DCT scans were incorporated in a retrospective study. The IGTV_DL was delineated using a novel deep machine learning algorithm with a linear exhaustive optimal combination framework, for the purpose of comparison, three other IGTVs base on common methods was also delineated, we compared the relative volume difference (RVI), matching index (MI) and encompassment index (EI) for the above IGTVs. Then, multiple parameter regression analysis assesses the tumor volume and motion range as clinical influencing factors in the MI variation. Experimental results demonstrated that the deep learning algorithm with linear exhaustive optimal combination framework has a higher probability of achieving optimal MI compared with other currently widely used methods. For patients after simple breathing training by keeping the respiratory frequency in 10 BMP, the four phase combinations of 0%, 30%, 50% and 90% can be considered as a potential candidate for an optimal combination to synthesis IGTV in all respiration amplitudes

Analysing the EAP-TLS handshake and the 4-way handshake of the 802.11i standard

The IEEE 802.11i standard has been designed to enhance security in wireless networks. The EAP-TLS handshake aims to provide mutual authentication between supplicant and authentication server, and then derive the Pairwise Master Key (PMK). In the 4 -way handshake the supplicant and the authenticator use PMK to derive a fresh pairwise transient key (PTK). The PMK is not used directly for security while assuming the supplicant and authenticator have the same PMK before running 4- way handshake. In this paper, the EAP-TLS handshake and the 4-way handshake phases have been analysed with a proposed framework using Isabelle tool. In the analysis, we have found a new Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack in the 4-way handshake. The attack prevents the authenticator from receiving message 4 after the supplicant sends it out. This attack forces the authenticator to re-send the message 3 until time out and subsequently to de-authenticate supplicant. This paper has proposed improvements to the 4-way handshake to avoid the Denial-of-Service attack