Plain Meaning, Precedent, and Metaphysics: Interpreting the “Pollutant” Element of the Federal Water Pollution Offense

This Article, the second in a series of five, examines the meaning of “pollutant” under the Clean Water Act. Congress and EPA have defined “pollutant” to mean a list of specific substances and broad categories of materials and wastes discharged into water, e.g., “biological materials” and “chemical wastes.” The definition is broad enough to encompass virtually all substances associated with human activity that are discharged to water, regardless of whether the substances cause pollution or are produced through human endeavor. Therefore, “pollutant” is rarely a limiting element. Instead, the issues with the definition of “pollutant” primarily address whether it includes material used in common and productive activities, such as adding hatchery-raised fish (“biological material”) to trout streams or spraying pesticides to suppress disease-bearing mosquitoes (“biological material” or “chemical wastes”). EPA can easily fix these and other problems by a better regulatory definition

Upotreba metafore i metonimije u reklamama: reklame za aviokompanije

We often associate metaphor and metonymy with poems and literary works. This paper builds on the idea that metaphor and metonymy are not just a matter of language alone; in fact, the two concepts can be found everywhere around us. We conceptualise the world through metaphors, and, according to some linguists, they are embedded in our minds; however, this claim cannot be taken as completely true due to lack of evidence. Human beings categorise the world around them through their bodies, so to a certain extent we conceptualise the world in the same way. What differs is the cultural approach: human experiences are heavily influenced by our bodies, but the difference lies in the fact that our surroundings (i.e. our culture) also affect the way we perceive the world. Similar to that claim, metaphor and metonymy cannot be separated from the human mind: many theories suggest that they influence the way we think, and they are grounded in our experience. Again, the difference can be observed through cultures: some metaphors are culturally-specific, while others can be found in different cultures. It is often the case that metaphor and metonymy go hand in hand, which leaves us with the difficult task of separating and distinguishing them. Based on the claims that metaphors are embedded the human mind, this paper analyses the use of metaphor and metonymy in printed airline advertisements that appear in magazines. By applying the theoretical framework onto these examples, analyses are made to establish why such methods are used and to what extent. This paper will show that advertisements such as these are usually multimodal, i.e. both pictorial and textual elements must be taken into consideration when analysing the airline advertisements. In addition, it seems that these advertisements rely more on metonymy than on metaphor.Metaforu i metonimiju često povezujemo s pjesmama i književnim djelima. Ovaj rad oslanja se na ideju da metafora i metonimija nisu samo pitanje jezika. Zapravo, ta dva pojma nalazimo svugdje oko nas. Mi konceptualiziramo svijet uz pomoć metafora i, prema nekim lingvistima, one su ukorijenjene u našim umovima; ipak, ova tvrdnja ne smije se u potpunosti prihvatiti zbog nedostatka dokaza. Ljudska bića kategoriziraju svijet oko sebe pomoću vlastitih tijela pa možemo reći da do odreĎene mjere konceptualiziramo svijet na isti način. Ono gdje se očituje razlika je u kulturološkom pristupu: ljudska iskustva u velikoj su mjeri pod utjecajem naših tijela, ali razlika je u tome da i naša okolina (tj. kultura) utječe na našu percepciju svijeta. U skladu s time, metafora i metonimija ne mogu se odvojiti od ljudskog uma: mnoge teorije smatraju da utječu na način na koji razmišljamo i da su temelj naših iskustava. MeĎutim, razlika je u kulturama: neke metafore usko su vezane uz pojedine kulture, dok se druge mogu naći u različitim kulturama. Često se metafora i metonimija koriste zajedno, što nam otežava razdvajanje i razlikovanje te dvije pojavnosti. Ovaj rad temelji se na tvrdnjama kako je metafora dio ljudskog uma te se, shodno tome, u njemu analizira korištenje metafore i metonimije u tiskanim reklamama za aviokompanije koje se pojavljuju u časopisima. Primijenjujući teoriju na te primjere, radi se analiza kako bi se ustvrdilo zašto se one koriste i do koje mjere. Ovaj rad pokazat će da su takve reklame često multimodalne, tj. moraju se uzeti u obzir slikovni i tekstualni elementi kada se analiziraju reklame za aviokompanije. Osim toga, čini se kako se te reklame više oslanjaju na upotrebu metonimije nego metafore

State v. L\u27Abbe Appellant\u27s Brief Dckt. 39376

https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/not_reported/1672/thumbnail.jp

AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Court: Insurers Liable for Environmental Response Costs

Who cleans up, when and how, and who pays are critical questions in the cleanup of pollution. Many companies identified by the government as parties responsible for past hazardous waste releases were insured under Comprehensive General Liability policies. In AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, decided in 1990, the California Supreme Court unanimously held that that these Comprehensive General Liability policies cover the cost of complying with cleanup procedures under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. Thus, insurers must pay for the cleanup costs of pollution by the companies they insure. This Casenote examines this decision, as well as the state of the law nationwide at the time of the decision. The author examines the impact and implications of the decision, and finds that the court appropriately supported legislative policy with this decision

What is Trust? A Conceptual Analysis and an Interdisciplinary Model

Trust is a vital relationship concept that needs further conceptual analysis, not just empirical testing. Trust has been defined in so many ways by so many different researchers across disciplines that a typology of the various types of trust is sorely needed. This paper justifies and develops such an interdisciplinary typology and defines the constructs within the typology. These constructs, though defined at the personal level, are scalable to various levels of analysis and may be used in various trust situations, including IS/customer relations. Trust is central to interpersonal (Golembiewski & McConkie, 1975) and commercial (Morgan & Hunt, 1994) relationships. Trust is crucial wherever risk, uncertainty, or interdependence exist (Mayer, Davis & Schoorman, 1995; Mishra, 1996). These conditions flourish in many settings, and certainly exist in the relationship between Information Systems (IS) people and their customers. Trust has been found to be important to IS/customer performance (Nelson & Cooprider, 1996), and is also key in virtual teams (Jarvenpaa & Leidner, 1998) and e-commerce (Ba, Whinston & Zhang, 1999; Hoffman, et al., 1999; Jarvenpaa, Tranctinsky & Vitale, 1998; Noteberg, Christaanse & Wallage, 1999; Stewart, 1999). As conditions become more uncertain because of downsizing, mergers, and more complex business dealings, the need for trust grows (Mishra, 1996)

Ethical Leadership: Life Story of George Ciampa, U.S. WWII Military Veteran and Community Leader

This qualitative research study explored the influence of life experiences and personal ethics of George Ciampa, a United States military veteran; his work in establishing American military cemeteries in Europe; and later work as a community leader committed to teaching American youth about the cost of freedom. Dimensions of ethical leadership and public service motivation served as the theoretical framework for the study. The research extended knowledge on ethical constructs within the fields of leadership studies and public administration; recorded personal experiences that were absent in military historical archives; and increased awareness of aspects of the U.S. military subculture. The research exploration was guided by an overarching question of how Ciampa reflected on his sense of public service over his lifetime. The study employed narrative life story methodology and visual research methods. Data collection was an iterative process and included segmented life story interviews and historical archival research. Findings included identification of a major theme (liberty) and three supporting sub-themes (duty, honor, and country) influencing Ciampa’s life and leadership path. A comparative analysis of the themes discovered with shared tenets of ethical leadership and public service motivation is provided. This dissertation is available in open access at AURA: Antioch University Repository and Archive, http://aura.antioch.edu/, and OhioLINK ETD Center, https://etd.ohiolink.edu/