Safety of medical device users: A study of physiotherapists’ practices, procedures and risk perception

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.Aims: To study practices and procedures with respect to electrotherapy in physiotherapy departments and to study physiotherapists’ perception of health risk, health consequences and protection of health from different risks including electromagnetic field emissions from electrotherapy devices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in three phases from June 2002 to December 2003. The first phase was an audit of the practices and procedures regarding electrotherapy in National Health Service physiotherapy departments (N = 46 including 7 departments in pilot study) located in 12 counties in the southeast and southwest of England including Greater London. The second phase comprised one observational visit to each of the same physiotherapy departments to characterise their occupational environment. The third phase was a questionnaire survey of 584 physiotherapists working in these departments. Variables concerned perception of health risk, health consequences and protection of health associated with different risk factors. Results: In the first two phases, the recruitment rate of the departments was 80.7% (46 out of 57) and response rate of those recruited was 100% (n=46). The response rate for the last phase of the study was 66.8% (390 out of 584). Results of the practices and procedures audit show that ultrasound was the most common form of electrotherapy while microwave diathermy was neither available nor used in these departments. Pulsed shortwave diathermy was used 4-5 days per week while continuous shortwave diathermy was used rarely. Electrotherapy was provided to up to 50% of patients per week in the departments. The observational visits to the departments revealed that there were metallic objects within close proximity of diathermy equipment and wooden treatment couches for treatment with PSWD and CSWD were rare. The risk perception survey showed that physiotherapists generally perceived a moderate health risk and health consequences (harm) from exposure to EMF emissions from electrotherapy devices. Protection from EMFs in physiotherapy departments was generally perceived as ‘usually’ possible. Conclusions: Physiotherapy departments report safe electrotherapy practices. Use of diathermy devices that use RF EMFs is declining. The key predictors of physiotherapists’ perception of health risk were perception of health consequences and vice versa. Gender was a significant predictor of the perception of health risks and health consequences. The main predictor of perception of protection against risk was the knowledge of environmental and health issues. Latent dimensions of perceptions of health risk, health consequences and protection from risk were identified and confirmed and their predictors were determined.Brunel Universit

Formal Specification Language for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (wireless Network), originally used to provide safety & comfort for passengers, & currently being used to establish Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) among near by Vehicles (V2V Communications) and between vehicles and nearby fixed infrastructure equipments; Roadside equipments (V2I Communications). VANET was used also to warn drivers of collision possibilities, road sign alarms, auto-payment at road tolls and parks. Usually VANET can be found in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). VANET is the current and near future hot topic for research, that has been targeted by many researchers to develop some applications and protocols specifically for the VANET. But a problem facing all VANET researchers is the unavailability of a formal specification language to specify the VANET systems, protocols, applications and scenarios proposed by those researchers. A specification language is a formal language that is used during the systems design, analysis, and requirements analysis. Using a formal specification language, a researcher can show “What his system does”, Not How. As a contribution of our research we have created a formal specification language for VANET. We made the use of some Romans characters & some basic symbols to represent VANET Systems & Applications. In addition, we have created some combined symbols to represent actions and operations of the VANET system and its participating devices. Our formal specification language covers many of the VANET aspects, and offers Validity Test and Consistency Test for the systems. Using our specification language, we have presented three different case studies based on a VANET system model we have created and put them into the system validity and consistency tests and showed how to describe a VANET system and its applications using our formal specification language

Safety of medical device users : a study of physiotherapists' practices, procedures and risk perception

Aims: To study practices and procedures with respect to electrotherapy in physiotherapy departments and to study physiotherapists’ perception of health risk, health consequences and protection of health from different risks including electromagnetic field emissions from electrotherapy devices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in three phases from June 2002 to December 2003. The first phase was an audit of the practices and procedures regarding electrotherapy in National Health Service physiotherapy departments (N = 46 including 7 departments in pilot study) located in 12 counties in the southeast and southwest of England including Greater London. The second phase comprised one observational visit to each of the same physiotherapy departments to characterise their occupational environment. The third phase was a questionnaire survey of 584 physiotherapists working in these departments. Variables concerned perception of health risk, health consequences and protection of health associated with different risk factors. Results: In the first two phases, the recruitment rate of the departments was 80.7% (46 out of 57) and response rate of those recruited was 100% (n=46). The response rate for the last phase of the study was 66.8% (390 out of 584). Results of the practices and procedures audit show that ultrasound was the most common form of electrotherapy while microwave diathermy was neither available nor used in these departments. Pulsed shortwave diathermy was used 4-5 days per week while continuous shortwave diathermy was used rarely. Electrotherapy was provided to up to 50% of patients per week in the departments. The observational visits to the departments revealed that there were metallic objects within close proximity of diathermy equipment and wooden treatment couches for treatment with PSWD and CSWD were rare. The risk perception survey showed that physiotherapists generally perceived a moderate health risk and health consequences (harm) from exposure to EMF emissions from electrotherapy devices. Protection from EMFs in physiotherapy departments was generally perceived as ‘usually’ possible. Conclusions: Physiotherapy departments report safe electrotherapy practices. Use of diathermy devices that use RF EMFs is declining. The key predictors of physiotherapists’ perception of health risk were perception of health consequences and vice versa. Gender was a significant predictor of the perception of health risks and health consequences. The main predictor of perception of protection against risk was the knowledge of environmental and health issues. Latent dimensions of perceptions of health risk, health consequences and protection from risk were identified and confirmed and their predictors were determined.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

BODY TEMPERATURE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR MALARIA FEVER PATIENT USING RFID AND GSM NETWORK

Malaria fever patients are known to suffer from fever spikes, where the body temperature rise and fall of a sudden. In hospitals, they were treated normally each 4 hours for check-ups where the nurses will check the temperature and the pulses from the patient. Blood sample need to be taken from the patient to confirm the diagnosis of the disease and identify the infectious parasites. For the blood sample to be taken, the ideal condition is when the body temperature of the patient is at the highest level. Experienced doctor will know the certain ideal time when to take the blood from the patient. However, the case is not the same with inexperienced doctors. What makes it worrying is that if they miss to take the blood when the temperature is at the highest level. What makes it even worst is that by missing the ideal time to draw the blood which will slower the diagnosis process, it will be vital to the patient's life. This is where the "Body temperature detection system for malaria fever patient using RFID and GSM network" comes to the picture. The patient will be receiving the quickest treatment as the system will send signals anytime the temperature exceeds the limits. The signals will then notify the nurses through alarm at nurse's station and send via SMS to the patient's doctor

A framework for cryptography algorithms on mobile devices

Mobile communication devices have become a popular tool for gathering and disseminating information and data. With the evidence of the growth of wireless technology and a need for more flexible, customizable and better-optimised security schemes, it is evident that connection-based security such as HTTPS may not be sufficient. In order to provide sufficient security at the application layer, developers need access to a cryptography package. Such packages are available as third party mobile cryptographic toolkits or are supported natively on the mobile device. Typically mobile cryptographic packages have reduced their number of API methods to keep the package lightweight in size, but consequently making it quite complex to use. As a result developers could easily misuse a method which can weaken the entire security of a system without knowing it. Aside from the complexities in the API, mobile cryptography packages often do not apply sound cryptography within the implementation of the algorithms thus causing vulnerabilities in its utilization and initialization. Although FIPS 140-2 and CAPI suggest guidelines on how cryptographic algorithms should be implemented, they do not define the guidelines for implementing and using cryptography in a mobile environment. In our study, we do not define new cryptographic algorithms, instead, we investigate how sound cryptography can be applied practically in a mobile application environment and developed a framework called Linca (which stands for Logical Integration of Cryptographic Architectures) that can be used as a mobile cryptographic package to demonstrate our findings. The benefit that Linca has is that it hides the complexity of making incorrect cryptographic algorithm decisions, cryptographic algorithm initialization and utilization and key management, while maintaining a small size. Linca also applies sound cryptographic fundamentals internally within the framework, which radiates these benefits outwards at the API. Because Linca is a framework, certain architecture and design patterns are applied internally so that the cryptographic mechanisms and algorithms can be easily maintained. Linca showed better results when evaluated against two mobile cryptography API packages namely Bouncy Castle API and Secure and Trust Service API in terms of security and design. We demonstrate the applicability of Linca on using two realistic examples that cover securing network channels and on-device data.Dissertation (MSc (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007.Computer ScienceMScunrestricte

The Design and Implementation of Intelligent Labor Contraction Monitoring System based on Wearable Internet of Things

In current clinical practice, pregnant women who have entered 37 weeks cannot correctly judge whether they are in labor based on their subjective feelings. Wrong judgment of labor contraction can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and endanger the safety of mothers and babies. It will also increase the healthcare pressure in the hospital and the healthcare efficiency is reduced. Therefore, it is very meaningful to be able to design a system for monitoring labor contraction based on objective data to assist pregnant women who have entered 37 weeks in deciding the suitable time to go to hospital. For the above requirements, this thesis designs and implements an intelligent labor contraction monitoring system based on wearable Internet of Things. The system combines the Internet of Things technology, wearable technology and machine learning technology to collect contraction data through wearable sensing device. It uses the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to classify and identify the collected contraction data and realize real-time processing. It improves the accuracy of model recognition to 93.75%. And the recognition results are fed back to the WeChat applet so that pregnant women can view them in real time. The prototype of the wearable sensing device has been integrated by 3D printing and the proof-of-concept system has been demonstrated. Pregnant women can use this system to detect the contraction status and view the contractions in real time through the WeChat applet results. They can judge whether it is suitable for labor, and this system assists in making decisions about the best time to go to hospital

BODY TEMPERATURE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR MALARIA FEVER PATIENT USING RFID AND GSM NETWORK

Malaria fever patients are known to suffer from fever spikes, where the body temperature rise and fall of a sudden. In hospitals, they were treated normally each 4 hours for check-ups where the nurses will check the temperature and the pulses from the patient. Blood sample need to be taken from the patient to confirm the diagnosis of the disease and identify the infectious parasites. For the blood sample to be taken, the ideal condition is when the body temperature of the patient is at the highest level. Experienced doctor will know the certain ideal time when to take the blood from the patient. However, the case is not the same with inexperienced doctors. What makes it worrying is that if they miss to take the blood when the temperature is at the highest level. What makes it even worst is that by missing the ideal time to draw the blood which will slower the diagnosis process, it will be vital to the patient's life. This is where the "Body temperature detection system for malaria fever patient using RFID and GSM network" comes to the picture. The patient will be receiving the quickest treatment as the system will send signals anytime the temperature exceeds the limits. The signals will then notify the nurses through alarm at nurse's station and send via SMS to the patient's doctor

Portable device for augmented reality: five-sense experiences

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Eléctrica e Electrónica, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2017O objectivo deste trabalho é apresentar um dispositivo portátil capaz de proporcionar sensações de tacto, paladar e olfacto a uma experiência de realidade aumentada. Hoje em dia, muitas experiências culturais e pessoais são construídas com base em aplicações móveis, incluindo aqueles que usam Realidade Aumentada (AR). Estas aplicações têm crescido em utilização, devido à enorme popularidade dos dispositivos móveis, com câmaras existentes, com sistemas de posicionamento global (GPS) e também com uma enorme disponibilidade de conexões de internet. Por outro lado, a maior parte das interfaces de utilizador (UI – User Interface) actuais seguiu tradicionalmente um modelo de tamanho único, geralmente ignorando as necessidades, habilidades e preferências dos utilizadores individuais. No entanto, estudos recentes indicam que o desempenho da visualização dos dispositivos poderia ser melhorado se fossem adaptados aspectos de visualização especificamente para cada utilizador individual. Tendo este contexto em mente, o projeto Mobile Five Senses Augmented Reality System for Museums (M5SAR) visa desenvolver um sistema de AR para ser um guia em eventos culturais, históricos e em museus, complementando ou substituindo a orientação tradicional dada pelos guias, sinais direcionais ou mapas. O trabalho descrito na presente tese faz parte deste projeto M5SAR. O sistema completo consiste numa aplicação para smartphone (fora do âmbito desta tese) e num dispositivo físico (o presente trabalho), às vezes referido como "gadget", “dispositivo portátil”, ”AMtop” (Aplicação Móvel + tacto olfacto e paladar) ou “PDTTSS” (Portable Device for Touch Taste and Smell Sensations), para ser integrado no smartphone de forma a explorar os 5 sentidos humanos: visão, audição, tacto, olfacto e paladar. Os sistemas tradicionais de AR dão feedback sensorial a apenas dois dos nossos sentidos, a visão e a audição. Ao contrário desses, a multimédia multissensorial concentra-se em fornecer comunicações imersivas e melhorar a qualidade de experiência dos utilizadores. Com isto em mente, é um dos objetivos do projeto M5SAR, a implementação de um dispositivo de hardware para se integrar ao smartphone, que permita ao utilizador sentir toque, cheiro e sabor, expandindo a experiência digital típica para todos os cinco sentidos. Portanto, é o objetivo deste trabalho, construir e desenvolver esse mesmo dispositivo de realidade aumentada. As soluções actuais relacionadas com o aumento de experiências sensoriais consistem em grandes sistemas de hardware e estão longe de ser portáteis. Nesta tese, é apresentado um novo dispositivo pequeno e portátil, para integrar com o smartphone do utilizador, para reproduzir uma experiência completa com todos os cinco sentidos. O dispositivo implementado embora pequeno e, adiciona ao sistema de realidade aumentada as experiências do toque, cheiro e sabor. Além disso, o dispositivo é suficientemente flexível para se adaptar aos diferentes tamanhos dos tablets e smartphones dos utilizadores. É alimentado por uma bateria recarregável, o que dá ao módulo a capacidade de manter o sistema a funcionar durante toda a visita ao museu. O núcleo principal é um microcontrolador que recebe as instruções da aplicação móvel a correr no smartphone e reage de acordo com essas instruções, activando o restante hardware necessário para disponibilizar a experiência multissensorial ao utilizador. A comunicação entre a aplicação e o dispositivo é feita sem fios, através de um interface Bluetooth. A comunicação com o resto do módulo, denotados aqui como interfaces físicos, é cablada. Estas interfaces serão responsáveis por criar os estímulos que reproduzem os três sentidos: tacto, paladar e olfacto. O restantes sentidos, a visão e a audição, já são reproduzidos pelo próprio smartphone ou tablet do utilizador. Neste relatório, depois de explicados os objectivos e o enquadramento do trabalho, são explicados alguns conceitos necessários para compreender o conteúdo e alcance desta tese, que inclui a compreensão dos sentidos humanos e a forma como são estimulados. São analisadas algumas das tecnologias existentes para reproduzir o estímulo sensorial para os três sentidos humanos menos explorados, toque, sabor e cheiro, quer sejam projetos acadêmicos, ideias em desenvolvimento ou produtos de consumo comercialmente disponíveis, independentemente do tamanho, eficiência ou praticidade. Pela análise dos objetivos e dos requisitos do projeto, e considerando a aplicação final, é apresentado o estudo do modo de desenvolver o dispositivo portátil, desde o seu aspecto físico, até os sistemas sensoriais mais intrincados. São apresentadas diferentes possibilidades de recriar o estímulo para cada sensação e que tecnologias existem e como podem ser aplicadas. Pela sua comparação e análise, são determinadas quais são as melhores e mais apropriados para usar neste projecto, tendo em consideração o tamanho, a portabilidade e as limitações de energia existentes num dispositivo portátil, também não esquecendo a comodidade e segurança para o usuário. São apresentados ainda neste relatório todos os detalhes importantes para a construção do protótipo do dispositivo portátil. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo que serve para fazer a “prova de conceito”, e neste relatório são detalhados os componentes usados, como eles foram ligados e explicadas as mudanças necessárias efectuadas em relação ao conceito projetado anteriormente. São ainda apresentadas as especificações técnicas de cada componente e do próprio PDTTSS, assim como a estrutura da caixa que suporta o dispositivo, mostrando a evolução que a estrutura teve ao longo do projecto, com os seus modelos 3D e a estrutura real impressa em 3D para a construção do protótipo. Desde a posição para cada componente na estrutura, a sua montagem, passando pela electrónica necessária, com a especificação da placa do microcontrolador, o firmware e a interface de comunicação, tudo é apresentado e detalhado neste relatório. Sob o protótipo do dispositivo desenvolvido, foram executados diversos testes. Devido à natureza de algumas interfaces usadas, alguns testes não foram possíveis de quantificar, por isso esses testes foram conduzidos com pessoas para obter seus comentários sobre sua experiência real como usuário da unidade portátil. Os resultados são apresentados e resumidos por interface sensorial. Além do estímulo sensorial, alguns resultados sobre a compatibilidade do uso, em relação ao tamanho e ao peso, também são representados aqui, assim como Uma discussão sobre os múltiplos resultados, analisando-os em termos de relevância e interesse para este aplicativo, bem como possíveis problemas e sua causa provável. Em termos gerais, os resultados são coerentes com uma primeira versão de um protótipo realizado com o objectivo de ser uma prova de conceito. Assim, os resultados mostram que há interfaces que necessitam de ser melhorados, para serem mais perceptíveis pelo utilizador final, nomeadamente a sensação de frio. Outros interfaces são ainda passíveis de melhorias, embora o resultado já obtido seja satisfatório, nomeadamente a sensação de vento. Outros interfaces apresentam já resultados aceitáveis para uma solução final, como a sensação de quente. Em suma, para um protótipo desenvolvido como prova de conceito, este cumpriu exemplarmente as suas funções, pois permitiu validar a ideia, permitindo ainda ter uma noção real da utilização e implementação dos interfaces pelos utilizadores finais. Neste âmbito, a análise dos problemas encontrados nos resultados dos testes permitiu encontrar soluções possíveis para corrigir esses problemas, e soluções de como melhorar o dispositivo portátil para o desenvolvimento de um novo protótipo