Programming Languages and Systems

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 31st European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2022, which was held during April 5-7, 2022, in Munich, Germany, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022. The 21 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. They deal with fundamental issues in the specification, design, analysis, and implementation of programming languages and systems

Programming Languages and Systems

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 31st European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2022, which was held during April 5-7, 2022, in Munich, Germany, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022. The 21 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. They deal with fundamental issues in the specification, design, analysis, and implementation of programming languages and systems

Enabling Hyperscale Web Services

Modern web services such as social media, online messaging, web search, video streaming, and online banking often support billions of users, requiring data centers that scale to hundreds of thousands of servers, i.e., hyperscale. In fact, the world continues to expect hyperscale computing to drive more futuristic applications such as virtual reality, self-driving cars, conversational AI, and the Internet of Things. This dissertation presents technologies that will enable tomorrow’s web services to meet the world’s expectations. The key challenge in enabling hyperscale web services arises from two important trends. First, over the past few years, there has been a radical shift in hyperscale computing due to an unprecedented growth in data, users, and web service software functionality. Second, modern hardware can no longer support this growth in hyperscale trends due to a decline in hardware performance scaling. To enable this new hyperscale era, hardware architects must become more aware of hyperscale software needs and software researchers can no longer expect unlimited hardware performance scaling. In short, systems researchers can no longer follow the traditional approach of building each layer of the systems stack separately. Instead, they must rethink the synergy between the software and hardware worlds from the ground up. This dissertation establishes such a synergy to enable futuristic hyperscale web services. This dissertation bridges the software and hardware worlds, demonstrating the importance of that bridge in realizing efficient hyperscale web services via solutions that span the systems stack. The specific goal is to design software that is aware of new hardware constraints and architect hardware that efficiently supports new hyperscale software requirements. This dissertation spans two broad thrusts: (1) a software and (2) a hardware thrust to analyze the complex hyperscale design space and use insights from these analyses to design efficient cross-stack solutions for hyperscale computation. In the software thrust, this dissertation contributes uSuite, the first open-source benchmark suite of web services built with a new hyperscale software paradigm, that is used in academia and industry to study hyperscale behaviors. Next, this dissertation uses uSuite to study software threading implications in light of today’s hardware reality, identifying new insights in the age-old research area of software threading. Driven by these insights, this dissertation demonstrates how threading models must be redesigned at hyperscale by presenting an automated approach and tool, uTune, that makes intelligent run-time threading decisions. In the hardware thrust, this dissertation architects both commodity and custom hardware to efficiently support hyperscale software requirements. First, this dissertation characterizes commodity hardware’s shortcomings, revealing insights that influenced commercial CPU designs. Based on these insights, this dissertation presents an approach and tool, SoftSKU, that enables cheap commodity hardware to efficiently support new hyperscale software paradigms, improving the efficiency of real-world web services that serve billions of users, saving millions of dollars, and meaningfully reducing the global carbon footprint. This dissertation also presents a hardware-software co-design, uNotify, that redesigns commodity hardware with minimal modifications by using existing hardware mechanisms more intelligently to overcome new hyperscale overheads. Next, this dissertation characterizes how custom hardware must be designed at hyperscale, resulting in industry-academia benchmarking efforts, commercial hardware changes, and improved software development. Based on this characterization’s insights, this dissertation presents Accelerometer, an analytical model that estimates gains from hardware customization. Multiple hyperscale enterprises and hardware vendors use Accelerometer to make well-informed hardware decisions.PHDComputer Science & EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/169802/1/akshitha_1.pd

#FOODHERSTORY: Food and American Women's Political Resistance from Suffrage to the Digital Age

Throughout the American experience, women have activated food as a feminist expression of resistance, inverting histories of oppression to empowerment as they campaigned for enfranchisement at the turn of the nineteenth century and used social media feeds as platforms in twenty-first century political protest movements. This dissertation investigates the role of food-related resistance in the long women’s movement in the United States by critically analyzing how women used material culture and technologies to build networks of empowerment and community. Relying on a diverse set of evidence from food-informed material culture to archival research, ethnography, oral history, and social media analysis, this work is grounded in feminist scholarship, food studies, American studies, and the digital humanities. Thinking about American women’s history not in waves, but as an additive national recipe in which ingredients, flavors, and methodologies change throughout time reflects both the successes and failures of American women’s political work overtime. Building on my concurrent work in the food media industry, I utilize first-person participant observation methods (autoethnography) to unpack the largely white-centered legacy of America’s women’s movements, their complicated relationship with food and food production, the sexism, racism, and classism that remain in the fields of food and digital media, and incessant examples of food-related appropriation, exploitation, and profit. Through the analysis of analog food-related literature, including cookbooks, zines, and recipes, this research examines how publication technologies from printing to distribution, amplified women’s voices across the nation. Investigation of the current food-related women’s movements on social media underscores the importance of community building and “born-digital” technologies. Focusing on several case studies of women food entrepreneurs and activists from suffrage to the second feminist movement and the post-Roe v. Wade protest of today, reveals a complex landscape of women’s food-related resistance. The boundaries shaped by privilege and access between virtual/digital technologies and physical, tangible spaces of labor and protest lead to critical discussions regarding American women’s food-related work particularly working class and working poor women of color in a post-pandemic, politically fractured, economically fraught America.Doctor of Philosoph

Mount Vernon Democratic Banner February 25, 1870

Mount Vernon Democratic Banner was a newspaper published weekly in Mount Vernon, Ohio. Until 1853, it was published as the Democratic Banner.https://digital.kenyon.edu/banner1870/1013/thumbnail.jp

Near Field Communication: From theory to practice

This book provides the technical essentials, state-of-the-art knowledge, business ecosystem and standards of Near Field Communication (NFC)by NFC Lab - Istanbul research centre which conducts intense research on NFC technology. In this book, the authors present the contemporary research on all aspects of NFC, addressing related security aspects as well as information on various business models. In addition, the book provides comprehensive information a designer needs to design an NFC project, an analyzer needs to analyze requirements of a new NFC based system, and a programmer needs to implement an application. Furthermore, the authors introduce the technical and administrative issues related to NFC technology, standards, and global stakeholders. It also offers comprehensive information as well as use case studies for each NFC operating mode to give the usage idea behind each operating mode thoroughly. Examples of NFC application development are provided using Java technology, and security considerations are discussed in detail. Key Features: Offers a complete understanding of the NFC technology, including standards, technical essentials, operating modes, application development with Java, security and privacy, business ecosystem analysis Provides analysis, design as well as development guidance for professionals from administrative and technical perspectives Discusses methods, techniques and modelling support including UML are demonstrated with real cases Contains case studies such as payment, ticketing, social networking and remote shopping This book will be an invaluable guide for business and ecosystem analysts, project managers, mobile commerce consultants, system and application developers, mobile developers and practitioners. It will also be of interest to researchers, software engineers, computer scientists, information technology specialists including students and graduates.Publisher's Versio

Weaving a Faster Tor: A Multi-Threaded Relay Architecture for Improved Throughput

The Tor anonymity network has millions of daily users and thousands of volunteer-run relays, but growing it further has several research and deployment challenges. One such challenge is supporting the increase in bandwidth required by additional users joining the network. While simply adding more Tor relays to the network would increase the total available bandwidth, it requires that Tor's directory documents grow to accommodate these new relays, which in turn increases the burden on Tor clients who must download these large documents. These large directory documents are problematic for people using Tor on mobile devices or who have limited Internet access. Previous approaches to scale the Tor network require significant network-level architectural changes. In order to increase the total available network bandwidth without needing to grow Tor's directory documents or change the network architecture, this work replaces Tor's existing relay architecture with a new multi-threaded architecture. This new architecture is designed to improve the throughput of individual relays that have available network capacity and access to a multi-core processor, and parallelizes Tor's network routing and circuit handling to offload these computationally expensive operations on additional threads. As Tor's current relay architecture is unsuitable for this type of multi-threading, we examine the obstacles in adapting relays to our new multi-threaded architecture. We built an implementation of a subset of this new design on top of the standard Tor code base to demonstrate the potential throughput improvements of this architecture. Under experimental conditions, we show that the multi-threaded implementation quadruples the relay's throughput compared to the standard Tor relay implementation when using four cores of an Intel Xeon server, and triples the relay's throughput when using a $50 Raspberry Pi single-board computer

Segurança e privacidade em terminologia de rede

Security and Privacy are now at the forefront of modern concerns, and drive a significant part of the debate on digital society. One particular aspect that holds significant bearing in these two topics is the naming of resources in the network, because it directly impacts how networks work, but also affects how security mechanisms are implemented and what are the privacy implications of metadata disclosure. This issue is further exacerbated by interoperability mechanisms that imply this information is increasingly available regardless of the intended scope. This work focuses on the implications of naming with regards to security and privacy in namespaces used in network protocols. In particular on the imple- mentation of solutions that provide additional security through naming policies or increase privacy. To achieve this, different techniques are used to either embed security information in existing namespaces or to minimise privacy ex- posure. The former allows bootstraping secure transport protocols on top of insecure discovery protocols, while the later introduces privacy policies as part of name assignment and resolution. The main vehicle for implementation of these solutions are general purpose protocols and services, however there is a strong parallel with ongoing re- search topics that leverage name resolution systems for interoperability such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Information Centric Networks (ICN), where these approaches are also applicable.Segurança e Privacidade são dois topicos que marcam a agenda na discus- são sobre a sociedade digital. Um aspecto particularmente subtil nesta dis- cussão é a forma como atribuímos nomes a recursos na rede, uma escolha com consequências práticas no funcionamento dos diferentes protocols de rede, na forma como se implementam diferentes mecanismos de segurança e na privacidade das várias partes envolvidas. Este problema torna-se ainda mais significativo quando se considera que, para promover a interoperabili- dade entre diferentes redes, mecanismos autónomos tornam esta informação acessível em contextos que vão para lá do que era pretendido. Esta tese foca-se nas consequências de diferentes políticas de atribuição de nomes no contexto de diferentes protocols de rede, para efeitos de segurança e privacidade. Com base no estudo deste problema, são propostas soluções que, através de diferentes políticas de atribuição de nomes, permitem introdu- zir mecanismos de segurança adicionais ou mitigar problemas de privacidade em diferentes protocolos. Isto resulta na implementação de mecanismos de segurança sobre protocolos de descoberta inseguros, assim como na intro- dução de mecanismos de atribuiçao e resolução de nomes que se focam na protecçao da privacidade. O principal veículo para a implementação destas soluções é através de ser- viços e protocolos de rede de uso geral. No entanto, a aplicabilidade destas soluções extende-se também a outros tópicos de investigação que recorrem a mecanismos de resolução de nomes para implementar soluções de intero- perabilidade, nomedamente a Internet das Coisas (IoT) e redes centradas na informação (ICN).Programa Doutoral em Informátic